The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is changing the world like never before.This crisis is unlikely contained in the absence of effective therapeutics or vaccine.The papain-like protease(PLpro)of severe ...The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is changing the world like never before.This crisis is unlikely contained in the absence of effective therapeutics or vaccine.The papain-like protease(PLpro)of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)plays essential roles in virus replication and immune evasion,presenting a charming drug target.Given the PLpro proteases of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share significant homology,inhibitor developed for SARS-CoV PLpro is a promising starting point of therapeutic development.In this study,we sought to provide structural frameworks for PLpro inhibitor design.We determined the unliganded structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro mutant C111 S,which shares many structural features of SARS-CoV PLpro.This crystal form has unique packing,high solvent content and reasonable resolution 2.5 A°,hence provides a good possibility for fragment-based screening using crystallographic approach.We characterized the protease activity of PLpro in cleaving synthetic peptide harboring nsp2/nsp3 juncture.We demonstrate that a potent SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitor GRL0617 is highly effective in inhibiting protease activity of SARSCoV-2 with the IC50 of 2.2?0.3 mmol/L.We then determined the structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro complexed by GRL0617 to 2.6 A°,showing the inhibitor accommodates the S3 e S4 pockets of the substrate binding cleft.The binding of GRL0617 induces closure of the BL2 loop and narrows the substrate binding cleft,whereas the binding of a tetrapeptide substrate enlarges the cleft.Hence,our results suggest a mechanism of GRL0617 inhibition,that GRL0617 not only occupies the substrate pockets,but also seals the entrance to the substrate binding cleft hence prevents the binding of the LXGG motif of the substrate.展开更多
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and repeated outbreaks of coronavirus epidemics in the past two decades emphasize the need for next-generation pan-coronaviral therapeutics.Drugging the multi-functional...The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and repeated outbreaks of coronavirus epidemics in the past two decades emphasize the need for next-generation pan-coronaviral therapeutics.Drugging the multi-functional papain-like protease(PLpro)domain of the viral nsp3 holds promise.However,none of the known coronavirus PLpro inhibitors has been shown to be in vivo active.Herein,we screened a structurally diverse library of 50,080 compounds for potential coronavirus PLpro inhibitors and identified a noncovalent lead inhibitor F0213 that has broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral activity,including against the Sarbecoviruses(SARSCoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2),Merbecovirus(MERS-CoV),as well as the Alphacoronavirus(hCoV-229E and hCoVOC43).Importantly,F0213 confers protection in both SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and MERS-CoV-infected human DPP4-knockin mice.F0213 possesses a dual therapeutic functionality that suppresses coronavirus replication via blocking viral polyprotein cleavage,as well as promoting antiviral immunity by antagonizing the PLpro deubiquitinase activity.Despite the significant difference of substrate recognition,mode of inhibition studies suggest that F0213 is a competitive inhibitor against SARS2-PLpro via binding with the 157K amino acid residue,whereas an allosteric inhibitor of MERSPLpro interacting with its 271E position.Our proof-ofconcept findings demonstrated that PLpro is a valid target for the development of broad-spectrum anticoronavirus agents.The orally administered F0213 may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future coronavirus outbreaks.展开更多
The thermal buoyancy generated by the difference in air density in a building can drive hot-pressed natural ventilation,which is an energy-efficient means of ventilation used to obtain higher air quality.Therefore,the...The thermal buoyancy generated by the difference in air density in a building can drive hot-pressed natural ventilation,which is an energy-efficient means of ventilation used to obtain higher air quality.Therefore,the effect of a single-point heat source with limited sides at different heights on stratified flow was studied in a naturally ventilated room in this paper.Based on the classical plume diffusion law of an independent point heat source and the mirroring principle,a calculation model of the thermal stratification height with a restricted source elevated to different levels was derived and validated.The quantitative effects of the heat source height from the floor,the effective opening area and other factors on the natural ventilation of hot pressure were analyzed.A threshold X_(T)for the separation between a point source and a sidewall was defined to estimate whether the thermal plume was independent or restricted by a sidewall.And a method for calculating the threshold xt was obtained.This research can provide a reference basis for designing natural ventilation for buildings with a restricted heat source at different levels to achieve a desired indoor environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500300)National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX10101001,China)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81572005,81772207,81971985,11775308 and 81802057)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.7182117 and 7174288,China)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant Nos.2017I2M-1-014 and 2016-I2M-1-013,China)Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(Grant Nos.2018PT51009 and 2017PT31049,China)
文摘The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is changing the world like never before.This crisis is unlikely contained in the absence of effective therapeutics or vaccine.The papain-like protease(PLpro)of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)plays essential roles in virus replication and immune evasion,presenting a charming drug target.Given the PLpro proteases of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share significant homology,inhibitor developed for SARS-CoV PLpro is a promising starting point of therapeutic development.In this study,we sought to provide structural frameworks for PLpro inhibitor design.We determined the unliganded structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro mutant C111 S,which shares many structural features of SARS-CoV PLpro.This crystal form has unique packing,high solvent content and reasonable resolution 2.5 A°,hence provides a good possibility for fragment-based screening using crystallographic approach.We characterized the protease activity of PLpro in cleaving synthetic peptide harboring nsp2/nsp3 juncture.We demonstrate that a potent SARS-CoV PLpro inhibitor GRL0617 is highly effective in inhibiting protease activity of SARSCoV-2 with the IC50 of 2.2?0.3 mmol/L.We then determined the structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro complexed by GRL0617 to 2.6 A°,showing the inhibitor accommodates the S3 e S4 pockets of the substrate binding cleft.The binding of GRL0617 induces closure of the BL2 loop and narrows the substrate binding cleft,whereas the binding of a tetrapeptide substrate enlarges the cleft.Hence,our results suggest a mechanism of GRL0617 inhibition,that GRL0617 not only occupies the substrate pockets,but also seals the entrance to the substrate binding cleft hence prevents the binding of the LXGG motif of the substrate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91853120)the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of China(2018ZX09711001-013 and 2018ZX09711001-005)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0111400 and 2016YFD0500300)the State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,Institute of Materia Medica,the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,the NIH Research Project Grant Program(R01 EB025892)the CRP-ICGEB Research Grant 2019(CRP/CHN19-02)。
基金partly supported by funding from Health@InnoHK,Innovation and Technology Commission,the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionTheme-Based Research Scheme of the Research Grants Council(T11-709/21-N)+7 种基金the National Program on Key Research Project of China(2020YFA0707500 and 2020YFA0707504)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2022A1515010099)the University of Hong Kong Outstanding Young Researcher Awardthe University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine Research Output Prizethe High Level-Hospital Program,Health Commission of Guangdong Province,Chinathe research project of Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(YSPTZX202004)Emergency Key Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(EKPG22-01)the Swiss National Science Foundation,the National Research Programme Covid-19(No.4078P0_198290/1)。
文摘The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and repeated outbreaks of coronavirus epidemics in the past two decades emphasize the need for next-generation pan-coronaviral therapeutics.Drugging the multi-functional papain-like protease(PLpro)domain of the viral nsp3 holds promise.However,none of the known coronavirus PLpro inhibitors has been shown to be in vivo active.Herein,we screened a structurally diverse library of 50,080 compounds for potential coronavirus PLpro inhibitors and identified a noncovalent lead inhibitor F0213 that has broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral activity,including against the Sarbecoviruses(SARSCoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2),Merbecovirus(MERS-CoV),as well as the Alphacoronavirus(hCoV-229E and hCoVOC43).Importantly,F0213 confers protection in both SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and MERS-CoV-infected human DPP4-knockin mice.F0213 possesses a dual therapeutic functionality that suppresses coronavirus replication via blocking viral polyprotein cleavage,as well as promoting antiviral immunity by antagonizing the PLpro deubiquitinase activity.Despite the significant difference of substrate recognition,mode of inhibition studies suggest that F0213 is a competitive inhibitor against SARS2-PLpro via binding with the 157K amino acid residue,whereas an allosteric inhibitor of MERSPLpro interacting with its 271E position.Our proof-ofconcept findings demonstrated that PLpro is a valid target for the development of broad-spectrum anticoronavirus agents.The orally administered F0213 may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future coronavirus outbreaks.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2020JQ-670)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M673353).
文摘The thermal buoyancy generated by the difference in air density in a building can drive hot-pressed natural ventilation,which is an energy-efficient means of ventilation used to obtain higher air quality.Therefore,the effect of a single-point heat source with limited sides at different heights on stratified flow was studied in a naturally ventilated room in this paper.Based on the classical plume diffusion law of an independent point heat source and the mirroring principle,a calculation model of the thermal stratification height with a restricted source elevated to different levels was derived and validated.The quantitative effects of the heat source height from the floor,the effective opening area and other factors on the natural ventilation of hot pressure were analyzed.A threshold X_(T)for the separation between a point source and a sidewall was defined to estimate whether the thermal plume was independent or restricted by a sidewall.And a method for calculating the threshold xt was obtained.This research can provide a reference basis for designing natural ventilation for buildings with a restricted heat source at different levels to achieve a desired indoor environment.