Management Modes at Different Levels and Management Effectiveness of Nature Reserve

Classification management is one of nature reserves management system in China. But state nature reserves and local administration nature reserves under the regulations are only the approval system and embody the concept of protection. Management pattern of nature reserves can be divided into nine types. There are big differences in the nine patterns in management foundation and coordination ability of management because different management pattern occupies different resources of administration,personnel,financial and law enforcement. By analyzing management pattern,thirty-eight indexes in thirteen categories were selected to evaluate the management effectiveness of national nature reserves subordinate to the State Forestry Administration (SFA) . Results show that the management effectiveness of national nature reserves is good as a whole,and the management effectiveness is direct proportional to administration level. Provincial administration has the higher efficiency than municipal and county administration. Direct administration by governments at all levels has the higher efficiency than departments' administration at the same level.

Changes in platelet parameters and secondary brain injury in acute craniocerebral trauma

Changes in platelet parameters are important in secondary brain injury in acute craniocerebral trauma We selected 163 patients with craniocerebral trauma who were admitted within 24 hours with nonoperative therapy. Platelet parameters of 40 healthy subjects served as controls. Platelet number was decreased, while mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width values were increased, at 1 and 3 days after injury. Platelet number was lower and mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width were larger in patients with traumatic cerebral infarction and those in Glasgow Coma Scale score 〈 8 group. Platelet number was negatively correlated to volume of cerebral edema, but positively correlated to Glasgow Outcome Scale score. These data indicate that changes in platelet parameters may be utilized to indicate the state of central nervous system injury and patient prognosis .

Incidence and factors associated with hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in patients co-infected with HBV/HIV during antiretroviral therapy in Guangdong,China

Background:Hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)clearance is vital for a functional cure of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.However,the incidence and predictors of HBsAg seroclearance in patients co-infected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)remain largely unknown in Guangdong,China.Methods:Between 2009 and 2019,patients co-infected with HBV/HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy(ART)in Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University were retrospectively reviewed with the endpoint on December 31,2020.The incidence and risk factors for HBsAg seroclearance were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses.Results:A total of 1550 HBV/HIV co-infected patients were included in the study,with the median age of 42 years and 86.0%(1333/1550)males.Further,98.3%(1524/1550)received ART containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)plus lamivudine(3TC).HBV DNA was examined in 1283 cases at the last follow-up.Over the median 4.7 years of follow-up,8.1%(126/1550)patients achieved HBsAg seroclearance,among whom 50.8%(64/126)obtained hepatitis B surface antibody,28.1%(137/488)acquired hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion,and 95.9%(1231/1283)undetectable HBV DNA.Compared with patients who maintained HBsAg positive,cases achieving HBsAg seroclearance showed no differences in age,gender,CD4+T cell count,alanine aminotransferase(ALT)level,or fibrosis status;however,they presented lower HBV DNA levels,lower HBsAg levels,and higher rates of HBV genotype B at the baseline.Multivariate analysis showed that baseline HBsAg<1500 cutoff index(COI)(adjusted hazard ratio[aHR],2.74,95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.48-5.09),ALT elevation>2×upper limit of normal during the first six months after receiving ART(aHR,2.96,95%CI:1.53-5.77),and HBV genotype B(aHR,3.73,95%CI:1.46-9.59)were independent predictors for HBsAg seroclearance(all P<0.01).Conclusions:Long-term TDF-containing ART has high anti-HBV efficacy including relatively high overall HBsAg seroclearance in HBV/HIV co-infected patients.Lower baseline HBsAg levels,HBV genotype B,and elevated ALT levels during the first six months of ART are potential predictors of HBsAg seroclearance.

Molecular phylogenomic analysis reveals a single origin of monkeypox virus transmission in Guangzhou,China in June 2023

The monkeypox(mpox)virus has caused worldwide transmission since its initial report in England in early May 2022.Available data from the World Health Organization(WHO)show that Europe and the Americas experienced a huge wave of mpox virus infection.Now the number of infected cases is on the rise in Asia.Several sporadic infections have been reported in China.In this study,we obtained high‐quality whole viral genomic sequences using a mpox virus‐specific amplicon‐based sequencing strategy.Our analysis of the phylogenomic characteristics indicated that all eight mpox virus sequences from Guangzhou belonged to the clade IIb lineage B.1.3 cluster.However,we could not locate the exact origins where the virus was imported,based on all the available mpox virus sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data(GISAID)database(https://gisaid.org/),except for their closest sequence similarity to that was reported from Japan.Novel amino acid mutations were found among the eight cases,suggesting that a local transmission may have occurred in Guangzhou,China.

A three-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is sufficient to elicit humoral immune responses in people living with HIV-1

To the Editor:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is the virus that caused the 2019 coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic.Over two years after the initial outbreak,several more infectious variations of the virus continue to pose a grave threat to global public health.[1]Intense,worldwide efforts for vaccine development have led to several candidate vaccines utilizing a variety of platforms.

Retrospective Analysis of the Duration of Hospitalization of Imported Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, 2021

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 is“not over,”in fact,the“dynamic clearing”policy for SARS-CoV-2 control and prevention in China has been firmly enforced.This study aimed to analyze the clinical symptoms and dynamic viral RNA changes in 2021 at Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital.This study showed that 31.4%of the patients(695/2212)tested negative for viral RNA from admission to the final release from quarantine.Of all negative cases,86.5%(601/695)remained in the hospital for no more than 5 days and were asymptomatic or mild.Among the remaining 402 patients who stayed for no more than 5 days,76.4%(307/402)were viral RNA retest positive during the isolation stage.However,96.4%of the peak viral RNA(296/307)was over Ct=33 cycles during the isolation stage.

Sleeping site use of the white-headed langur Trachypithecus leucocephalus： The role of predation risk, territorial defense, and proximity to feeding sites

We collected data on sleeping site use from two groups of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus living in Fusui Nature Reserve, China between August 2007 and July 2008. This information was used to test several hypotheses regarding ultimate causes of sleeping site use in this primate. White-headed langurs slept either in caves （17 sites） or on a cliffledge （one site）. They used all sleeping sites repeatedly, and reused some of them on consecutive nights; three nights was the longest consecutive use of any one sleep site. We suggest that langurs use sleeping sites to make approach and attack by predators difficult, and to increase their own familiarity with a location so as to improve chances for escape. Langurs＇ cryptic behaviors with an increased level of vigilance before entering sleeping sites may also help in decreasing the possibility of detection by predators. Group 1 spent more sleeping nights in the central area of their territory than expected; in contrast, group 2 spent more sleeping nights in the periphery of their territory, which overlaps with that of another groups, than expected. The position of sleeping site relative to the last feeding site of the day and the first feeding site of the subsequent morning indicated a strategy closer to that of a multiple central place forager than of a central place forager. These results suggest that territory defense and food access may play an important role in sleeping site use of white-headed langurs [Current Zoology 57 （3）： 260-268, 2011].

Persistently low CD4 cell counts are associated with hepatic events in HCV/HIV coinfected patients: data from the national free antiretroviral treatment program of China

Background: Chronic liver disease has emerged as a leading cause of non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related mortality in hepatitis C virus (HCV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients. The relationship between CD4 cell count and HIV-related opportunistic infections and tumors has been well characterized;however, it is unclear whether CD4 cell count is associated with HCV-related hepatic events.Methods: This observational cohort study enrolled HCV/HIV-coinfected patients from the National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program of China from 2004 to 2019 in Guangzhou. The primary outcome was a composite of hepatic events, including cirrhosis complications, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver-related mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results: Among the 793 patients, 43 developed hepatic events during a median follow-up of 6.7 years, including 35 cirrhosis complications, 13 HCC cases, and 14 cases of liver-related mortality. The 5-year and 10-year cumulative incidences of hepatic events were 4.2% and 9.3%, respectively. Patients who developed hepatic events had a less satisfactory increase in CD4 cell count, lower peak CD4 (354.5 cells/μLvs. 560.0 cells/μL,P < 0.001), and lower percentage of peak CD4 > 500 cells/μL (30.2%vs. 60.7%,P < 0.001) after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) than those who did not. The cumulative incidences of hepatic events were higher in patients with lower peak CD4 levels with adjusted odds ratios of 3.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51-10.40), 2.25 (95% CI: 0.87-5.86), and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.35-2.74) for patients with peak CD4 at <200 cells/μL, 200-350 cells/μL, and 351 to 500 cells/μL, respectively, relative to those with peak CD4 > 500 cells/μL. Peak CD4 was negatively associated with the risk of hepatic events in a dose-response manner (P-value for trend = 0.004).Conclusion: Persistently low CD4 cell counts after ART are independently associated with a high risk of hepatic events in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients, highlighting the important role of immune reconstitution in improving liver outcomes.

Dissociation of methanol in intense femtosecond laser field

Methanol was irradiated by 80 fs laser pulse, intensity range of 1013-1014 W/cm2. A TOF-mass spectrometer was coupled to the laser system and used to detect the ions produced. The parent ions CH3OH+ appeared firstly at the laser intensity of 1.4 ×1013 W/cm2. While the laser intensity was gradually increased, the parent ions were dissociated and the primary ions CH2OH+ were given as verified from the irradiation of deuterated methanol (CH3OD) showing the C-H bond cracking firstly. While the laser intensity was further increased to 2.0 ×1013 W/cm2, the C-O bonds of the parent ions also broke to give CH3+. When the laser intensity was higher, smaller fragment ions like CH+, C+, OH+ and O+ also appeared. Among the fragment ions, only H+ ion yield had anisotropic angular distribution dependence on the laser polarization vector in the dissociation of methanol. All the experimental observations show that the dissociation of methanol proceeds through stepwise mechanism but not Coulomb explosion.

Advances in diagnosis andtreatment of talaromycosis in patients WithAIDS

Talaromycosis(formerly named penicilliosis)is an important invasive mycosis caused by Talaromyces marneffei(formerly Penicillium marneffei,T.marneffei).[1]The World Health Organization and Food and Drug Administration have recently paid increasing attention to the disease as a neglected tropical disease due to the growing burden of T.marneffei infection globally.[1,2]Talaromycosis is a common opportunistic disease and a leading cause of death in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)in endemic regions;moreover,it is increasingly being reported in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-negative individuals and outside of epidemic areas.[3,4]The mortality of talaromycosis is up to 30%in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals,which is associated with late diagnosis and untimely or ineffective antifungal therapy.[5]Therefore,early diagnosis and effective antifungal treatment are critical to reduce the mortality.

Significantly reduced abilities to cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants by sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients infected by Delta or early strains

The worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has resulted in more than 4.5 million deaths.Although coronaviruses have a proofreading mechanism to maintain the stability of their long genomic RNAs,mutations emerge continuously,and new variants conferring advantages rapidly become the dominant lineages[1].Strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic using either vaccines or nonpharmaceutical interventions have specifically been threatened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern(VOCs)[2].

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue in China

Dengue is the most prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease.As a dengue non-endemic country,China has experienced several dengue outbreaks in recent years.However,dengue patients in China display clinical characteristics that are distinct from those of patients in dengue-endemic countries.To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of dengue fever,the experts at the Society of Infectious Diseases,Society of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association,and the Society of Emergency Medicine of China Association of Chinese Medicine have developed a guideline after reviewing the following guidelines and data:guidelines for diagnosis,treatment,prevention,and control of dengue(World Health Organization,2009);the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of dengue(National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China,2014,Edition 2);health industry standard of the People’s Republic of China“diagnosis for dengue fever(WS216-2018)”;and systemic reports on dengue.The new guideline includes eight aspects:introduction,terminology,epidemiology and prevention,etiology and pathogenesis,clinical features,diagnosis,treatment,and problems to be solved.

The compartmentalized upper respiratory mucosa needs time to rally a sufficient immune force for SARS-CoV-2 clearance

SARS-CoV-2 viral reoccurrence,which is defined as reliable detection of mature virus or viral products in discharged or recovered individuals with at least two consecutive negative detections of viral genomic ribonucleic acid(RNA)by standard reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT‒PCR),raises public concerns about transmission risk and warrants exploration of the underlying mechanism.

Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of End-Stage Liver Disease Complicated with Infections

End-stage liver disease(ESLD)is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that markedly increases mortality in patients with infections.In patients with ESLD,infections can induce or aggravate the occurrence of liver decompensation.Consequently,infections are among the most common complications of disease progression.There is a lack of working procedure for early diagnosis and appropriate management for patients with ESLD complicated by infections as well as local and international guidelines or consensus.This consensus assembled up-to-date knowledge and experience across Chinese colleagues,providing data on principles as well as working procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ESLD complicated by infections.

Pre-treatment Drug Resistance Could Impact the 96-Week Antiretroviral Efficacy in Treatment-Naive HIV-1–Infected Patients in Guangdong,China

Background:With the high prevalence of pre-treatment drug resistance(PDR)and the potential impact to the virological inhibition,the detection of PDR was particularly necessary.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PDR in Guangdong,China,and its impact on antiretroviral therapy(ART)in treatment-naive HIV patients.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted.A total of 1936 HIV-1-infected treatment-naive patients in the clinic of the infectious department,Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital,between August 2018 and December 2019 were assayed for PDR mutations before initiating ART.Patients with PDR mutations(PDR arm)were screened and compared with those without drug-resistant mutations(non-PDR arm).The rate of HIV-1 virologic failure(VF)and CD4^(+)T-cell counts of the 2 arms were compared at the 96th week after ART to evaluate the impact of PDR on the efficacy of ART.Results:Pretreatment drug resistance was detected in 125 cases(6.46%)from the 1936 enrolled participants,most of which were resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(64.00%,80/125).One hundred and eight of 125 completed the follow-up of 96 weeks(PDR arm).In this cohort,52 patients whose ART regimen containing the resistant drug were grouped as con-PDR arm,and the remaining 56 patients whose ART regimen did not contain the resistant drug were grouped as non-con-PDR arm.A total of 125 patients without PDR were randomly selected as the control group(non-PDR arm),112 of whom had completed the 96-week followup.At the 96th week after ART initiation,7 patients(6.5%,7/108)in the PDR arm and 1 patient(0.9%,1/112)in the non-PDR arm developed VF,exhibiting a significant difference(χ^(2)=4.901,P=0.029).Meanwhile,3 patients(5.8%,3/52)in the con-PDR arm developed VF;the rate was also higher than that in the non-PDR arm,but without a significant difference(χ^(2)=3.549,P=0.095).The CD4^(+)T-cell count in the non-PDR arm increased more than the PDR arm(386.6 vs.319.1 cells/μL,t=2.448,P=0.015)or the con-PDRarm(386.6 vs.325.1 cells/μL,t=1.821,P=0.070)at 12weeks afterART.However,no significant differenceswere observed in the CD4^(+)T-cell count from the 24th week after ART onward.Conclusions:Pretreatment drug resistance was moderately prevalent in Guangdong,China,and could affect the antiretroviral efficacy during a 96-week observation period,indicating the need to closely monitor PDR before ART initiation.