China’s population has rapidly aged over the recent decades of social and economic development as neurodegenerative disorders have proliferated,especially Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and related dementias(ADRD).AD’s inc...China’s population has rapidly aged over the recent decades of social and economic development as neurodegenerative disorders have proliferated,especially Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and related dementias(ADRD).AD’s incidence rate,morbidity,and mortality have steadily increased to make it presently the fifth leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China and magnify the resulting financial burdens on individuals,families and society.The‘Healthy China Action’plan of 2019-2030 promotes the transition from disease treatment to health maintenance for this expanding population with ADRD.This report describes related epidemiological trends,evaluates the economic burden of the disease,outlines current clinical diagnosis and treatment status and delineates existing available public health resources.More specifically,it examines the public health impact of ADRD,including prevalence,mortality,costs,usage of care,and the overall effect on caregivers and society.In addition,this special report presents technical guidance and supports for the prevention and treatment of AD,provides expertise to guide relevant governmental healthcare policy development and suggests an information platform for international exchange and cooperation.展开更多
Background: Knowledge of dispersal movement of birds and their habitat preference during the post-fledging period is fundamental to the understanding of their ecological and evolutionary processes. The Crested Ibis is...Background: Knowledge of dispersal movement of birds and their habitat preference during the post-fledging period is fundamental to the understanding of their ecological and evolutionary processes. The Crested Ibis is now being reintroduced to protected sites within its historical range, with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining population that may eventually qualify the species for delisting.Methods: We carried out an ecological study of post-fledging dispersal and habitat use of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) from 2008 to 2012 in Ningshan County, China, by using banding and radio-telemetry methods.Results: In about two weeks(an average of 14.3 days) after fledging, the activities of the fledglings were concentrated in a range of about 100 m around their natal sites, such as the oak-pine forest patches at the edge of open habitats.During this period, fledglings were still partially dependent upon parental care and fed typically on a daily basis.Siblings increasingly became independent by mid-August and then gradually moved away from their natal sites to post-fledging dispersal locations. During the period of the post-fledging dispersal process, most juveniles moving southwest were concentrated at the mean direction(μ = 254.6°, ? = 70.5°) with a mean dispersal distance of 5.1 km.It took an average of 56.4 days to disperse from the natal territory to the first wintering area. Also, forging habitats for juvenile ibis varied with time and local conditions. For example, paddy fields were used most frequently among all habitat types, while shallow rivers just from August to October. Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) was often regarded as the roosting tree species preferred by the Crested Ibis, with the highest utilization rate among all the roosting habitat types. The juveniles of the wild population dispersed four times as far as that of the reintroduced population, but the overall pattern of post-fledging dispersal is similar for the reintroduced and wild populations.Conclusions: Our results are very useful for us to predict the distance and direction of dispersal under various landscape conditions in other released sites. The project is a good example for reintroducing endangered species to their former ranges, and will be valuable for the protection of reintroduced populations of this critically and other endangered species.展开更多
Background: Breeding dispersal is an important ecological process that affects species' population dynamics and colonization of new suitable areas. Knowledge of the causes and consequences of breeding dispersal is...Background: Breeding dispersal is an important ecological process that affects species' population dynamics and colonization of new suitable areas. Knowledge of the causes and consequences of breeding dispersal is fundamental to our understanding of avian ecology and evolution. Although breeding success for a wild and reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) has been reported, the relationships between individuals' breeding dispersal and their breeding success, age and sex remain unclear.Methods: Ibises' breeding dispersal distance, which is the distance moved by adults between sites of reproduction, was estimated based on the observations of consecutive breeding sites of marked ibis individuals. From observational and capture-recapture data(n as = 102) over 9 years, individuals' breeding dispersal probability in relation to age, sex, and reproductive success wanalyzed via a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach.Results: Our results show that 55% males and 51% females keep their previous territories following nesting success. Failed breeding attempts increased dispersal probabilities. Both females and males failed in breeding were more likely to disperse with greater distances than successful birds(females: 825 ± 216 m vs 196 ± 101 m, males: 372 Crested Ibis exhibited a female-biased dispersal pattern that the mean dispersal distance± 164 m vs 210 ± 127 m). of females(435 ± 234 m) was much larger than that of males(294 ± 172 m).Conclusion: Our results are fundamental to predict the patterns of breeding dispersal related to reproductive success under different release sites. From the conservation point of view, landscape connectivity between the reintroduced populations should be taken into account in accordance with the distance of breeding dispersal.展开更多
Objective: To study the CT features of ovarian dysgerminoma. Methods: CT findings of 11 cases with pathologically-proved dysgerminoma of ovary were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All the 11 cases were solitary. Th...Objective: To study the CT features of ovarian dysgerminoma. Methods: CT findings of 11 cases with pathologically-proved dysgerminoma of ovary were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All the 11 cases were solitary. The maximum diameter of lesion was averagely 17.1 cm. The tumor presented as a solid (n = 8) or cystic-solid (n = 3) mass. After contrast medium administration, the solid component of the lesions showed prominent enhancement on CT scan. Blood vessels were found in 5 masses. Of the 11 cases with ovarian dysgerminoma, invasion of adjacent structure (n=4), ascites (n=6) and adenopathy in pelvic wall (n=3) were demonstrated. Conclusion: Ovarian dysgerminoma has its CT characteristics. Associated with clinic data, CT is helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian dysgerminoma.展开更多
Background:One of the most challenging tasks in wildlife conservation and management is clarifying which and how external and intrinsic factors influence wildlife demography and long-term viability.The wild population...Background:One of the most challenging tasks in wildlife conservation and management is clarifying which and how external and intrinsic factors influence wildlife demography and long-term viability.The wild population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon)has recovered to approximately 4400,and several reintroduction programs have been carried out in China,Japan and Korea.Population viability analysis on this endangered species has been limited to the wild population,showing that the long-term population growth is restricted by the carrying capacity and inbreeding.However,gaps in knowledge of the viability of the reintroduced population and its drivers in the release environment impede the identification of the most effective population-level priorities for aiding in species recovery.Methods:The field monitoring data were collected from a reintroduced Crested Ibis population in Ningshan,China from 2007 to 2018.An individual-based VORTEX model(Version 10.3.5.0)was used to predict the future viability of the reintroduced population by incorporating adaptive patterns of ibis movement in relation to catastrophe frequency,mortality and sex ratio.Results:The reintroduced population in Ningshan County is unlikely to go extinct in the next 50 years.The popula-tion size was estimated to be 367,and the population genetic diversity was estimated to be 0.97.Sensitivity analysis showed that population size and extinction probability were dependent on the carrying capacity and sex ratio.The carrying capacity is the main factor accounting for the population size and genetic diversity,while the sex ratio is the primary factor responsible for the population growth trend.Conclusions:A viable population of the Crested Ibis can be established according to population viability analysis.Based on our results,conservation management should prioritize a balanced sex ratio,high-quality habitat and low mortality.展开更多
The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is particularly useful for plant pathogen detection. In the present study, multiplex PCR and SYBR Green real-time PCR were developed to facilitate the simultaneous detection of three...The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is particularly useful for plant pathogen detection. In the present study, multiplex PCR and SYBR Green real-time PCR were developed to facilitate the simultaneous detection of three important rice pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and Burkholderia glumae. The unique PCR primer sets were designed from portions of a putative glycosyltransferase gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, an Avr Rxo gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and an internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence of B. glumae. Using a multiplex PCR assay, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and B. glumae were detected in one PCR reaction that contained the newly developed primer set mix. Using SYBR Green real-time PCR assays, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and B. glumae were detected at 1, 1, and 10 fg μL-1, respectively. These newly designed molecular assays are sensitive and could be reliable tools for pathogen detection and disease forecasting.展开更多
Reintroduction has become a common conservation management tool to restore endangered species in their historical range.However,many attempts have failed to establish self-sustaining populations in the wild.The succes...Reintroduction has become a common conservation management tool to restore endangered species in their historical range.However,many attempts have failed to establish self-sustaining populations in the wild.The success of reintroductions could be improved by varying release strategies.Therefore,it is vital to determine the factors influencing reintroduction outcomes.To better understand the post-release settlement and to optimize the release strategy of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon),we quantified the effects of age,sex,acclimation duration,and the timing of release events on post-release survival and dispersal distance for the released Crested Ibis in Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,using a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach.Our results indicate that 40–56.3%of the released individuals survived the first year following release.Mortality was attributable to flight collisions,starvation,disease,and unknown reasons.The post-release survival probability of ibises showed a negative association with age(estimate=-0.186;95%CI:-0.350 to-0.022;P=0.026),and post-release dispersal distance was affected by the timing of release event(estimate=0.718;95%CI:0.025 to1.253;P=0.042).However,sex and acclimation period duration did not cause detectable differences in postrelease survival probability and dispersal distance.Based on our results,optimal release strategies for establishing a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis include:(1)release of sub-adults biased and sex ratio balanced initial groups;(2)release during the non-breeding season;and(3)food supplementation immediately after release.展开更多
A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of ...A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of “linked list” to the system of Micro Control Unit (MCU), and realizes the pointer access of nuclear data on the small storage space of MCU. Experimental results show that this method can solve some problems of traditional data storage method, which has the advantages of simple program design, stable performance, accurate data, strong repeatability, saving storage space and so on.展开更多
Reproduction and immune defense are costly functions,and they are expected to tradeoff with each other to drive evolution.The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens Stål(Hemiptera,Delphacidae),is a global supe...Reproduction and immune defense are costly functions,and they are expected to tradeoff with each other to drive evolution.The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens Stål(Hemiptera,Delphacidae),is a global superpest that mostly damages rice crops.Yeast-like symbionts(YLS)exist in the abdominal fat body tissue and are tightly associated with the development,growth,and reproduction of BPH.Our previous research demonstrated that mating behavior promotes the release of YLS from the fat body into the hemolymph in the BPH,thereby triggering an immune response.Additionally,the fitness costs related to life-history traits of BPH(such as survival rate)have a strong dependence on the relative abundance of YLS.However,the possible relationship between reproduction and the immune response in BPH has not been identified.In this study,an omics-based approach was used to analyze the transcriptome of fat body tissues in mated and unmated BPH at 72 h post-eclosion,from which two antimicrobial peptide genes,NlDefensin A(NlDfA)and NlDefensin B(NlDfB),were selected since they were highly expressed in mated BPH.Subsequently,the full-length cDNA sequences of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were cloned and analyzed.qPCR results showed up-regulation of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes in mated BPH when compared to unmated BPH.Spatial-temporal expression analysis indicated that the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were expressed in all tissues and developmental stages,and they were most highly expressed in the fat body at 24 h post-eclosion.Moreover,the symbionts in BPH were significantly inhibited by the in vitro expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB proteins.Furthermore,RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated suppression of NlDfA and NlDfB dramatically increased the relative abundance of YLS in the fat body,while YLS in the hemolymph decreased significantly.These BPHs also displayed some fitness disadvantages in survival,fecundity,hatchability,and possibly the vertical transmission of YLS from hemolymph to egg.Our results indicated that mating could heighten the immunity of BPH by up-regulating the expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes,which protect the host from pathogen challenges during reproduction.However,the reduced content of YLS may act as a fitness disadvantage in dictating the life-history traits of BPH.This work has significant theoretical and practical implications for the precise green control technology that involves crucial gene targeting,as well as for the“endosymbionts for pest control”strategy in insects.展开更多
Bone tumor is a refractory neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. According to the unique environment and phys-chemical characteristics of bone tissues, the chemotherapeutic agents are unlikely to prolong the survival o...Bone tumor is a refractory neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. According to the unique environment and phys-chemical characteristics of bone tissues, the chemotherapeutic agents are unlikely to prolong the survival of patients and often associated with systemic side effects. The bone targeting drug delivery via systemic administration may provide both better treatment efficacy and less frequent administration. In this study, we describe the synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel melphalan-bisphosphonate hybrids, with a tumor microenvironment sensitive linkage, which could be enzymatic activation under tumor microenvironment conditions. We have also evaluated the in vitro targeting efficiency of these prodrugs via the affinity of hydroxyapatite （HA） and cellular proliferation. The in vivo distribution suggested the bisphosphonate conjugated prodrugs with high bone selectivity.展开更多
Streptomyces are famous for their ability to synthesize a large number of bioactive compounds as secondary metabolites containing antibiotics,enzyme inhibi-tors,and other small molecules with potential physiological a...Streptomyces are famous for their ability to synthesize a large number of bioactive compounds as secondary metabolites containing antibiotics,enzyme inhibi-tors,and other small molecules with potential physiological activity(Niu et al.,2016;Song et al.,2019;Yin et al.,2019).Secondary metabolites are produced by a multi-step reaction of a primary metabolite as a precursor(Liu et al.,2013;Li et al.,2021).Therefore,it is of great research significance to increase the overall synthesis level of antibiotics by increasing the amount of synthesis of precursors.展开更多
基金This report was supported by a grant from Brain Science and Brain-Like Intelligence Technology of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021ZD0201804).
文摘China’s population has rapidly aged over the recent decades of social and economic development as neurodegenerative disorders have proliferated,especially Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and related dementias(ADRD).AD’s incidence rate,morbidity,and mortality have steadily increased to make it presently the fifth leading cause of death among urban and rural residents in China and magnify the resulting financial burdens on individuals,families and society.The‘Healthy China Action’plan of 2019-2030 promotes the transition from disease treatment to health maintenance for this expanding population with ADRD.This report describes related epidemiological trends,evaluates the economic burden of the disease,outlines current clinical diagnosis and treatment status and delineates existing available public health resources.More specifically,it examines the public health impact of ADRD,including prevalence,mortality,costs,usage of care,and the overall effect on caregivers and society.In addition,this special report presents technical guidance and supports for the prevention and treatment of AD,provides expertise to guide relevant governmental healthcare policy development and suggests an information platform for international exchange and cooperation.
基金the support and help from the Life Science College of Shaanxi Normal UniversityFinancial support was provided by National Nature Science Foundation of China (31172103)
文摘Background: Knowledge of dispersal movement of birds and their habitat preference during the post-fledging period is fundamental to the understanding of their ecological and evolutionary processes. The Crested Ibis is now being reintroduced to protected sites within its historical range, with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining population that may eventually qualify the species for delisting.Methods: We carried out an ecological study of post-fledging dispersal and habitat use of a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) from 2008 to 2012 in Ningshan County, China, by using banding and radio-telemetry methods.Results: In about two weeks(an average of 14.3 days) after fledging, the activities of the fledglings were concentrated in a range of about 100 m around their natal sites, such as the oak-pine forest patches at the edge of open habitats.During this period, fledglings were still partially dependent upon parental care and fed typically on a daily basis.Siblings increasingly became independent by mid-August and then gradually moved away from their natal sites to post-fledging dispersal locations. During the period of the post-fledging dispersal process, most juveniles moving southwest were concentrated at the mean direction(μ = 254.6°, ? = 70.5°) with a mean dispersal distance of 5.1 km.It took an average of 56.4 days to disperse from the natal territory to the first wintering area. Also, forging habitats for juvenile ibis varied with time and local conditions. For example, paddy fields were used most frequently among all habitat types, while shallow rivers just from August to October. Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) was often regarded as the roosting tree species preferred by the Crested Ibis, with the highest utilization rate among all the roosting habitat types. The juveniles of the wild population dispersed four times as far as that of the reintroduced population, but the overall pattern of post-fledging dispersal is similar for the reintroduced and wild populations.Conclusions: Our results are very useful for us to predict the distance and direction of dispersal under various landscape conditions in other released sites. The project is a good example for reintroducing endangered species to their former ranges, and will be valuable for the protection of reintroduced populations of this critically and other endangered species.
基金completely supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.31572282 and 31172103)
文摘Background: Breeding dispersal is an important ecological process that affects species' population dynamics and colonization of new suitable areas. Knowledge of the causes and consequences of breeding dispersal is fundamental to our understanding of avian ecology and evolution. Although breeding success for a wild and reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) has been reported, the relationships between individuals' breeding dispersal and their breeding success, age and sex remain unclear.Methods: Ibises' breeding dispersal distance, which is the distance moved by adults between sites of reproduction, was estimated based on the observations of consecutive breeding sites of marked ibis individuals. From observational and capture-recapture data(n as = 102) over 9 years, individuals' breeding dispersal probability in relation to age, sex, and reproductive success wanalyzed via a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach.Results: Our results show that 55% males and 51% females keep their previous territories following nesting success. Failed breeding attempts increased dispersal probabilities. Both females and males failed in breeding were more likely to disperse with greater distances than successful birds(females: 825 ± 216 m vs 196 ± 101 m, males: 372 Crested Ibis exhibited a female-biased dispersal pattern that the mean dispersal distance± 164 m vs 210 ± 127 m). of females(435 ± 234 m) was much larger than that of males(294 ± 172 m).Conclusion: Our results are fundamental to predict the patterns of breeding dispersal related to reproductive success under different release sites. From the conservation point of view, landscape connectivity between the reintroduced populations should be taken into account in accordance with the distance of breeding dispersal.
文摘Objective: To study the CT features of ovarian dysgerminoma. Methods: CT findings of 11 cases with pathologically-proved dysgerminoma of ovary were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All the 11 cases were solitary. The maximum diameter of lesion was averagely 17.1 cm. The tumor presented as a solid (n = 8) or cystic-solid (n = 3) mass. After contrast medium administration, the solid component of the lesions showed prominent enhancement on CT scan. Blood vessels were found in 5 masses. Of the 11 cases with ovarian dysgerminoma, invasion of adjacent structure (n=4), ascites (n=6) and adenopathy in pelvic wall (n=3) were demonstrated. Conclusion: Ovarian dysgerminoma has its CT characteristics. Associated with clinic data, CT is helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian dysgerminoma.
基金The study was supported by Shaanxi Forestry Bureau and National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31872245 and 31572282).
文摘Background:One of the most challenging tasks in wildlife conservation and management is clarifying which and how external and intrinsic factors influence wildlife demography and long-term viability.The wild population of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon)has recovered to approximately 4400,and several reintroduction programs have been carried out in China,Japan and Korea.Population viability analysis on this endangered species has been limited to the wild population,showing that the long-term population growth is restricted by the carrying capacity and inbreeding.However,gaps in knowledge of the viability of the reintroduced population and its drivers in the release environment impede the identification of the most effective population-level priorities for aiding in species recovery.Methods:The field monitoring data were collected from a reintroduced Crested Ibis population in Ningshan,China from 2007 to 2018.An individual-based VORTEX model(Version 10.3.5.0)was used to predict the future viability of the reintroduced population by incorporating adaptive patterns of ibis movement in relation to catastrophe frequency,mortality and sex ratio.Results:The reintroduced population in Ningshan County is unlikely to go extinct in the next 50 years.The popula-tion size was estimated to be 367,and the population genetic diversity was estimated to be 0.97.Sensitivity analysis showed that population size and extinction probability were dependent on the carrying capacity and sex ratio.The carrying capacity is the main factor accounting for the population size and genetic diversity,while the sex ratio is the primary factor responsible for the population growth trend.Conclusions:A viable population of the Crested Ibis can be established according to population viability analysis.Based on our results,conservation management should prioritize a balanced sex ratio,high-quality habitat and low mortality.
基金support of the National 863 Project (2012AA021601)the New Seedling program for graduate students of Zhejiang Province (2012R409012)
文摘The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is particularly useful for plant pathogen detection. In the present study, multiplex PCR and SYBR Green real-time PCR were developed to facilitate the simultaneous detection of three important rice pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and Burkholderia glumae. The unique PCR primer sets were designed from portions of a putative glycosyltransferase gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, an Avr Rxo gene of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and an internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence of B. glumae. Using a multiplex PCR assay, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and B. glumae were detected in one PCR reaction that contained the newly developed primer set mix. Using SYBR Green real-time PCR assays, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and B. glumae were detected at 1, 1, and 10 fg μL-1, respectively. These newly designed molecular assays are sensitive and could be reliable tools for pathogen detection and disease forecasting.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31572282,31872245)Shaanxi Forestry Bureau。
文摘Reintroduction has become a common conservation management tool to restore endangered species in their historical range.However,many attempts have failed to establish self-sustaining populations in the wild.The success of reintroductions could be improved by varying release strategies.Therefore,it is vital to determine the factors influencing reintroduction outcomes.To better understand the post-release settlement and to optimize the release strategy of the Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon),we quantified the effects of age,sex,acclimation duration,and the timing of release events on post-release survival and dispersal distance for the released Crested Ibis in Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,using a generalized linear mixed effect modeling approach.Our results indicate that 40–56.3%of the released individuals survived the first year following release.Mortality was attributable to flight collisions,starvation,disease,and unknown reasons.The post-release survival probability of ibises showed a negative association with age(estimate=-0.186;95%CI:-0.350 to-0.022;P=0.026),and post-release dispersal distance was affected by the timing of release event(estimate=0.718;95%CI:0.025 to1.253;P=0.042).However,sex and acclimation period duration did not cause detectable differences in postrelease survival probability and dispersal distance.Based on our results,optimal release strategies for establishing a reintroduced population of the Crested Ibis include:(1)release of sub-adults biased and sex ratio balanced initial groups;(2)release during the non-breeding season;and(3)food supplementation immediately after release.
文摘A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of “linked list” to the system of Micro Control Unit (MCU), and realizes the pointer access of nuclear data on the small storage space of MCU. Experimental results show that this method can solve some problems of traditional data storage method, which has the advantages of simple program design, stable performance, accurate data, strong repeatability, saving storage space and so on.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20223,32302354)the Zhejiang Provincial Programs for Science and Technology Development,China(2022C02047).
文摘Reproduction and immune defense are costly functions,and they are expected to tradeoff with each other to drive evolution.The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens Stål(Hemiptera,Delphacidae),is a global superpest that mostly damages rice crops.Yeast-like symbionts(YLS)exist in the abdominal fat body tissue and are tightly associated with the development,growth,and reproduction of BPH.Our previous research demonstrated that mating behavior promotes the release of YLS from the fat body into the hemolymph in the BPH,thereby triggering an immune response.Additionally,the fitness costs related to life-history traits of BPH(such as survival rate)have a strong dependence on the relative abundance of YLS.However,the possible relationship between reproduction and the immune response in BPH has not been identified.In this study,an omics-based approach was used to analyze the transcriptome of fat body tissues in mated and unmated BPH at 72 h post-eclosion,from which two antimicrobial peptide genes,NlDefensin A(NlDfA)and NlDefensin B(NlDfB),were selected since they were highly expressed in mated BPH.Subsequently,the full-length cDNA sequences of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were cloned and analyzed.qPCR results showed up-regulation of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes in mated BPH when compared to unmated BPH.Spatial-temporal expression analysis indicated that the NlDfA and NlDfB genes were expressed in all tissues and developmental stages,and they were most highly expressed in the fat body at 24 h post-eclosion.Moreover,the symbionts in BPH were significantly inhibited by the in vitro expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB proteins.Furthermore,RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated suppression of NlDfA and NlDfB dramatically increased the relative abundance of YLS in the fat body,while YLS in the hemolymph decreased significantly.These BPHs also displayed some fitness disadvantages in survival,fecundity,hatchability,and possibly the vertical transmission of YLS from hemolymph to egg.Our results indicated that mating could heighten the immunity of BPH by up-regulating the expression of the NlDfA and NlDfB genes,which protect the host from pathogen challenges during reproduction.However,the reduced content of YLS may act as a fitness disadvantage in dictating the life-history traits of BPH.This work has significant theoretical and practical implications for the precise green control technology that involves crucial gene targeting,as well as for the“endosymbionts for pest control”strategy in insects.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31600811, 81573154, 81773432)the Application Fundamental Research Foundation of Sichuan Province Science and Technology Department, China (Nos. 2016JY0157, 2017JY0123)Scientific Research Foundation of the Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, China (Nos. 17PJ556, 17PJ563)
文摘Bone tumor is a refractory neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. According to the unique environment and phys-chemical characteristics of bone tissues, the chemotherapeutic agents are unlikely to prolong the survival of patients and often associated with systemic side effects. The bone targeting drug delivery via systemic administration may provide both better treatment efficacy and less frequent administration. In this study, we describe the synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel melphalan-bisphosphonate hybrids, with a tumor microenvironment sensitive linkage, which could be enzymatic activation under tumor microenvironment conditions. We have also evaluated the in vitro targeting efficiency of these prodrugs via the affinity of hydroxyapatite （HA） and cellular proliferation. The in vivo distribution suggested the bisphosphonate conjugated prodrugs with high bone selectivity.
基金supported by the Excellent Youth Fund of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LR17C140002)。
文摘Streptomyces are famous for their ability to synthesize a large number of bioactive compounds as secondary metabolites containing antibiotics,enzyme inhibi-tors,and other small molecules with potential physiological activity(Niu et al.,2016;Song et al.,2019;Yin et al.,2019).Secondary metabolites are produced by a multi-step reaction of a primary metabolite as a precursor(Liu et al.,2013;Li et al.,2021).Therefore,it is of great research significance to increase the overall synthesis level of antibiotics by increasing the amount of synthesis of precursors.
