Nutrient enrichment driven by canopy rainfall redistribution:Mechanism,quantification,and pattern

Vegetation canopies intercept and redistribute rainfall into throughfall and stemflow,which transfer substantial amounts of elements into the soil,influencing soil microbial community,plant survival,and plant community succession.Despite advancements in ecohydrological research,the implication of nutrient enrichment resulting from this redistribution of rainfall by canopies remains largely unexplored.To address this gap,we conducted a systematic review of 1020 papers published between 2000 and 2022,gathering data on nutrient concentration and enrichment for critical ions(including K^(+),Na^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),NH_(4)^(+),Cl^(-),NO_(3)^(-)and SO_(4)^(2-))from the Web of Science and Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure databases.We aimed to synthesize the mechanisms,quantify the enrichments,and identify global patterns of nutrient enrichment in stemflow and throughfall across climate zones,and vegetation types and ecosystems.The results of this study indicate that stemflow exhibits,on average,2.1times greater ion concentration(6.13 mg L^(-1))compared to throughfall.In particular,among the investigated ions,SO_(4)^(2-)(12.45and 6.32 mg L^(-1))for stemflow and throughfall,respectively,and Cl^(-)(9.21 and 4.81 mg L^(-1))exhibit the highest concentrations in both rainfall redistribution components,while K^(+)(13.7 and 5.8)and Mg^(2+)(5.6 and 2.8)have the highest enrichment factors.Across climate zones,throughfall and stemflow show the lowest ion concentrations but the highest enrichment factors in extremely humid regions.Along the temperature gradient,ion concentrations are the highest in cold climates with no clear patterns observed for enrichment factors with increasing temperature.In addition,shrubs,conifers,mixed forests,and artificial ecosystems demonstrate enrichment factors 1.1 to 3.0 times greater than those of trees,broad-leaved plants,pure forests,and natural ecosystems.These findings emphasize the need for increased attentions to artificial ecosystems,such as urban and agricultural ecosystems,which often received limited research focus,especially regarding shrubs and conifers exhibiting stronger nutrients enrichment capabilities.Future investigations should integrate soil moisture analysis to better understand the impact of rainfall redistribution on the nutrient enrichment processes,patterns,and nutrient balance in global terrestrial ecosystems.

Asymmetric synthesis of syn-aryl-(2S,3R)-2-chloro-3-hydroxy esters via an engineered ketoreductase-catalyzed dynamic reductive kinetic resolution

We report here a generic,green synthesis of 17 valuable syn-aryl-(2S,3R)-2–chloro-3–hydroxy esters(syn-(2S,3R)-1)in 73%-99%isolated yields along with 6.1:1–83:1 dr and 31%~>99%ee,through dynamic reductive kinetic resolution of racemic arylα–chloroβ-keto esters(2)catalyzed by an engineered ketoreductase which was obtained via ep PCR-based directed evolution.The hectogram scale synthesis of syn-(2S,3R)-1b at a substrate concentration of 120 g/L showcased the application potential of the biocatalytic method developed presently.

米曲霉酸性蛋白酶基因在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及酶学性质

酸性蛋白酶作为一类重要的天冬氨酸蛋白酶,被广泛应用于食品、医药和皮革等领域。为推动酸性蛋白酶的研究及应用,通过对发酵豆制品样品进行宏基因组测序,从中获得米曲霉酸性蛋白酶基因pepA,在毕赤酵母GS115中进行异源表达,并对重组酶PepA进行酶学性质分析。结果显示毕赤酵母发酵上清液中酸性蛋白酶的活性为50.62 U/mL。SDS-PAGE验证PepA的分子量约为50 kDa,且发酵上清液几乎无杂蛋白。PepA的最适pH值为4.5,最适温度为50℃,Mn^(2+)和Cu^(2+)对其具有激活作用,而Fe^(3+)、Fe^(2+)与Ca^(2+)则具有抑制作用。上述研究结果可为米曲霉酸性蛋白酶的异源表达及其相关工业应用提供指导。

Flexible organic electrochemical transistors for chemical and biological sensing

Chemical and biological sensing play important roles in healthcare,environmental science,food-safety tests,and medical applications.Flexible organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs)have shown great promise in the field of chemical and biological sensing,owing to their superior sensitivity,high biocompatibility,low cost,and light weight.Herein,we summarize recent progress in the fabrication of flexible OECTs and their applications in chemical and biological sensing.We start with a brief introduction to the working principle,configuration,and sensing mechanism of the flexible OECT-based sensors.Then,we focus on the fabrication of flexible OECT-based sensors,including material selection and structural engineering of the components in OECTs:the substrate,electrodes,electrolyte,and channel.Particularly,the gate modification is discussed extensively.Then,the applications of OECT-based sensors in chemical and biological sensing are reviewed in detail.Especially,the array-based and integrated OECT sensors are also introduced.Finally,we present the conclusions and remaining challenges in the field of flexible OECT-based sensing.Our timely review will deepen the understanding of the flexible OECT-based sensors and promote the further development of the fast-growing field of flexible sensing.