The haplotype-resolved T2T genome of teinturier cultivar Yan73 reveals the genetic basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapes

Teinturier grapes are characterized by the typical accumulation of anthocyanins in grape skin,flesh,and vegetative tissues,endowing them with high utility value in red wine blending and nutrient-enriched foods developing.However,due to the lack of genome information,the mechanism involved in regulating teinturier grape coloring has not yet been elucidated and their genetic utilization research is still insufficient.Here,the cultivar‘Yan73’was used for assembling the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)genome of teinturier grapes by combining the High Fidelity(HiFi),Hi-C and ultralong Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT)reads.Two haplotype genomes were assembled,at the sizes of 501.68 Mb and 493.38 Mb,respectively.In the haplotype 1 genome,the transposable elements(TEs)contained 32.77%of long terminal repeats(LTRs),while in the haplotype 2 genome,31.53%of LTRs were detected in TEs.Furthermore,obvious inversions were identified in chromosome 18 between the two haplotypes.Transcriptome profiling suggested that the gene expression patterns in‘Cabernet Sauvignon’and‘Yan73’were diverse depending on tissues,developmental stages,and varieties.The transcription program of genes in the anthocyanins biosynthesis pathway between the two cultivars exhibited high similarity in different tissues and developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of numerous genes showed significant differences.Compared with other genes,the expression levels of VvMYBA1 and VvUFGT4 in all samples,VvCHS2 except in young shoots and VvPAL9 except in the E-L23 stage of‘Yan73’were higher than those of‘Cabernet Sauvignon’.Further sequence alignments revealed potential variant gene loci and structure variations of anthocyanins biosynthesis related genes and a 816 bp sequence insertion was found in the promoter of VvMYBA1 of‘Yan73’haplotype 2 genome.The‘Yan73’T2T genome assembly and comparative analysis provided valuable foundations for further revealing the coloring mechanism of teinturier grapes and the genetic improvement of grape coloring traits.

VvMYB14 participates in melatonin-induced proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by upregulating expression of VvMYBPA1 and VvMYBPA2 in grape seeds

This work demonstrated that melatonin increases continuously in seeds,particularly seed coats,during berry ripening.Exogenous melatonin treatments significantly increased the proanthocyanidin(PA)content,partially through ethylene signaling,in seed coats.VvMYB14 expression exhibited patterns similar to melatonin accumulation over time,which was largely induced by melatonin treatment in seed coats during berry ripening.Additionally,VvMYB14 bound to the MBS element of the VvMYBPA1 promoter to activate expression.VvMYB14 overexpression largely upregulated expression of VvMYBPA1,VvMYBPA2 and VvLAR1 and increased the PA content in grape seed-derived calli.Similar increases in AtTT2 and AtBAN expression and PA content were found in VvMYB14-overexpressing Arabidopsis seeds.It was also observed that VvMYB14 overexpression increased ethylene production and thereby induced expression of VvERF104,which bound to the ERF element of the VvMYBPA2 promoter and activated its expression.Additionally,VvERF104 suppression reduced the VvMYB14 overexpression-induced increases in expression of VvMYBPA2 and VvLAR1 and PA content.Further experiments revealed that melatonin-induced increases in the expression of VvMYBPA1,VvMYBPA2,VvERF104 and VvLAR1 and PA accumulation were significantly reduced in VvMYB14-suppressing grape calli and leaves.Collectively,VvMYB14 mediates melatonin-induced PA biosynthesis by directly transactivating VvMYBPA1 expression and indirectly upregulating VvMYBPA2 expression via VvERF104.

Tuning of the Magnetic Damping Parameter by Varying Cr Composition in Fe1-xCrx Alloy

We investigate the magnetic damping parameter of Fe 1−x Cr x thin films using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect technique.It is demonstrated that the overall effective damping parameter is enhanced with the increasing Cr concentration.The effective damping at high fieldα0 is found to be significantly enhanced when increasing the Cr concentration with theα0=0.159 in the Fe 45 Cr 55 enhanced by 562%compared with that ofα0=0.024 in the pure Fe film.This study provides a new approach of controlling the effective damping parameter with a desired magnitude via varying Cr composition.

Single-Cell Mapping of Brain Myeloid Cell Subsets Reveals Key Transcriptomic Changes Favoring Neuroplasticity after Ischemic Stroke

Interactions between brain-resident and periph-eral infiltrated immune cells are thought to contribute to neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia.However,con-ventional bulk sequencing makes it challenging to depict this complex immune network.Using single-cell RNA sequencing,we mapped compositional and transcriptional features of peri-infarct immune cells.Microglia were the predominant cell type in the peri-infarct region,displaying a more diverse activation pattern than the typical pro-and anti-inflammatory state,with axon tract-associated micro-glia(ATMs)being associated with neuronal regeneration.Trajectory inference suggested that infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages(MDMs)exhibited a gradual fate trajectory transition to activated MDMs.Inter-cellular crosstalk between MDMs and microglia orchestrated anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting microglia phenotypes and promoted post-stroke neurogenesis,with SOX2 and related Akt/CREB signaling as the underlying mechanisms.This description of the brain's immune landscape and its relationship with neurogenesis provides new insight into promoting neural repair by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.

In situ TEM visualization of Ag catalysis in Li-O_(2)nanobatteries

Lithium-oxygen(Li-O_(2))batteries have been considered as an ideal solution to solving the global energy crisis.Silver(Ag)and Agbased catalyst have been extensively studied due to their high catalytic activities in Li-O_(2)batteries.However,it remains a challenge to track the catalytic mechanism during the charge/discharge process.Here,a nanoscale processing method was used to assemble a Li-O_(2)nanobattery in an aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscope(ETEM),where a single Ag nanowire(NW)was used as catalyst for O_(2)electrode.A visualization of the lithium ion insertion process during the electrochemical reactions was achieved in this nanobattery.Numerous Ag nanoparticles(NPs)were observed on the surface of the Ag NW,which were covered by the discharge product Li2O_(2).By simultaneously studying the evolution of the interface and the phase transformation,it can be concluded that these Ag NPs wrapped around Ag NW acted as catalyst during the subsequent charge/discharge reaction.Based on these studies,Ag NPs decorated on porous carbon were synthesized,it can simultaneously improve the cycling stability(100 cycles)and the maximum specific capacity(17,371 mAh·g^(−1)at a current density of 100 mA·g^(−1))in a coin cell Li-O_(2)battery.This study suggests that nanoscale Ag may be a promising catalyst for Li-O_(2)battery.

多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白相互作用蛋白1在胶质瘤的预后价值及其对免疫微环境的影响

目的探讨多聚腺苷酸结合蛋白相互作用蛋白1(PAIP1)在胶质瘤的预后价值及其对肿瘤免疫的影响。方法在癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库下载得到泛癌转录组数据及患者临床数据,比较PAIP1在泛癌中的表达差异性。通过免疫组织化学方法检测胶质瘤PAIP1表达情况。通过Kaplan-Meier分析PAIP1表达对胶质瘤患者预后的影响及其与胶质瘤患者临床病理特征的关系。利用GO功能与KEGG通路富集分析PAIP1在胶质瘤的潜在作用。单样本GSEA(ssGSEA)免疫浸润算法分析胶质瘤微环境免疫细胞浸润网络。利用Wilcoxon检验或T检验进行组间差异分析,Spearman检验进行相关性分析。结果胶质瘤组织中PAIP1表达量高于癌旁组织(5.386±0.277比5.858±0.455,P<0.05),高表达PAIP1的胶质瘤患者肿瘤恶性程度较高,总体生存期[风险比(HR)=2.95,P<0.01]和疾病特异生存期(HR=2.91,P<0.01)均显著缩短。免疫组织化学结果显示,胶质瘤组PAIP1表达量高于阴染组(11.460%比7.650%,t=4.917,P<0.001)。功能分析结果提示,PAIP1可能参与肿瘤细胞周期及肿瘤免疫的调控。高表达PAIP1的胶质瘤患者辅助型T细胞2浸润程度(0.337±0.033比0.383±0.037)和白细胞介素(IL)-4的表达量高于低表达PAIP1的胶质瘤患者(R=0.194,P<0.01)。结论PAIP1高表达与胶质瘤预后不良相关,可能通过促进Th2细胞浸润及IL-4分泌参与肿瘤免疫调控。

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout reveals a guardian role of NF-κB/RelA in maintaining the homeostasis of human vascular cells

Vascular cell functionality is critical to blood vessel homeostasis. Constitutive NF-κB activation in vascular cells results in chronic vascular inflammation, leading to various cardiovascular diseases. However, how NF-κB regulates human blood vessel homeostasis remains largely elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated RelA knockout human embryonic stem cells （hESCs） and differentiated them into various vascular cell derivatives to study how NF- KS modulates human vascular cells under basal and inflammatory conditions. Multi-dimensional phenotypic assessments and transcriptomic analyses revealed that RelA deficiency affected vascular cells via modulatinginflammation, survival, vasculogenesis, cell differentia- tion and extracellular matrix organization in a cell type- specific manner under basal condition, and that RelA protected vascular cells against apoptosis and modu- lated vascular inflammatory response upon tumor necrosis factor a （TNFa） stimulation. Lastly, further evaluation of gene expression patterns in IKBo knockout vascular cells demonstrated that IKBa acted largely independent of RelA signaling. Taken together, our data reveal a protective role of NF-κB/ReiA in modulating human blood vessel homeostasis and map the human vascular transcriptomic landscapes for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.

印度尼西亚邦加岛华人文化认同的历史与现状探析

本文通过追溯邦加岛华侨华人的历史,分析其文化认同的变化,并在实地调查基础上评估邦加华侨华人文化认同的现状。本文认为,历史以来,邦加岛华侨华人始终保持较为强烈的华人文化认同。虽然经历过苏哈托时期的文化强制,但是邦加华人的文化认同并未受到太大影响,特别是在偏远地区。而2000年以后,印尼华人社会通过华人社团和华文教育所掀起的华人文化复兴浪潮并没有在邦加华人社会有明显的表现。与爪哇岛或其他华人人口较为密集的地区相比,当前邦加岛的华人文化认同更多的是靠身份和文化自觉。

U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein is essential for early larval development in silkworm, Bombyx mori

U1 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins(U1 snRNP)associates with 5ʹsplice sites in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles and is highly conserved among species.The physiological functions of U1 snRNP in a lepidopteran model insect Bombyx mori is mostly unknown.Here,we showed that U1 snRNP plays an important role in the development of silkworm.Knockout of U1 snRNP in silkworm showed either delayed or stationary 1st instar larva development compared with the wild-type group.U1 snRNP deletion mutants exhibited abnormal cellular phenotypes with enlarged cell nucleus,scant cytoplasm and enlarged nuclei.RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in metabolic pathway,biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and steroid hormone biosynthesis were significantly affected by U1 snRNP depletion.Taken together,our study suggests that U1 snRNP homeostasis plays an important role in silkworm development.

Transport evidence of 3D topological nodal-line semimetal phase in ZrSiS

Topological nodal-line semimetal is a new emerging material, which is viewed as a three-dimensional （3D） analog of graphene with the conduction and valence bands crossing at Dirac nodes, resulting in a range of exotic transport properties. Herein, we report on the direct quantum transport evidence of the 3D topological nodal-line semimetal phase of ZrSiS with angular-dependent magnetoresistance （MR） and the combined de Hass-van Alphen （dHvA） and Shubnikov-de Hass （SdH） oscillations. Through fitting by a two-band model, the MR results demonstrate high topological nodal-line fermion densities of approximately 6 × 10^21 cm^-3 and a perfect electron/hole compensation ratio of 0.94, which is consis- tent with the semi-classical expression fitting of Hall conductance Gxy and the theoretical calculation. Both the SdH and dHvA oscillations provide clear evidence of 3D topological nodal-line semimetal characteristic.

Application of computer-aided diagnosis of congenital heart disease in four-chamber view of fetal heart basic screening

To the Editor:Congenital heart disease(CHD)is the most common severe congenital malformation which threatens the health of the fetus and the primary factor of intrauterine death.Prenatal detection of severe CHD could reduce the neonatal mortality and morbidity.The detection rate ranges between 25.0%and 59.7%in the prenatal ultrasonographic examination.^([1])We need to identify new strategies to improve detection rates of CHD prenatally.Deep-learning(DL)-based computer-aided diagnosis(CAD)has been highly and rapidly developed in recent years.