A core-satellite-like nanoassembly reverses a decisive tyrosine hydroxylase loss in degenerative dopaminergic neurons

In recent years,neurodegenerative diseases,such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases,are rapidly rising in prevalence.The main hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is the falling levels of neurotransmitter dopamine in the mid-brain with dopaminergic neurons losing.Typical therapeutic solutions,including drugs,deep brain stimulation,and cell transplantation,can only alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.It is a tremendous challenge to reverse the function degeneration of the crucial dopaminergic neurons.Herein,we develop a core-satellite-like nanoassembly(PDA-AFn(by integrating polydopamine nanoparticles and apoferritin))to raise the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH),a rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of the dopamine.Both components in the nanoassembly could cooperate with each other,not only elaborately regulate the iron homeostasis and redox microenvironment,but also utilize excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS)and iron ions in the damaged neurons to supply extra dopamine and enhance TH activity,and consequently restore the function of the degenerated neurons.Remarkably,the nanoassembly-treatment relieves the dyskinesia and dramatical increases the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine level in the midbrain of Parkinson’s disease model mice.It is an explicit yet inspiring advance in treatment of the neurodegeneration.

Collaborative eye tracking based code review through real-time shared gaze visualization

Code review is intended to find bugs in early development phases,improving code quality for later integration and testing.However,due to the lack of experience with algorithm design,or software development,individual novice programmers face challenges while reviewing code.In this paper,we utilize collaborative eye tracking to record the gaze data from multiple reviewers,and share the gaze visualization among them during the code review process.The visualizations,such as borders highlighting current reviewed code lines,transition lines connecting related reviewed code lines,reveal the visual attention about program functions that can facilitate understanding and bug tracing.This can help novice reviewers to make sense to confirm the potential bugs or avoid repeated reviewing of code,and potentially even help to improve reviewing skills.We built a prototype system,and conducted a user study with paired reviewers.The results showed that the shared real-time visualization allowed the reviewers to find bugs more efficiently.