Quality Evaluation of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as an Edible and Medicinal Herb of Tibetan and Qiang Ethnic Groups

[Objectives]To evaluate the quality of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as Tibetan and Qiang medicinal materials,so as to improve its quality standard and evaluate the quality of C.macrophylla Willd in western Sichuan Province.[Methods]C.macrophylla Willd produced from western Sichuan Province was used as the sample,and the contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,extract,total flavonoids and quercetin in the ground part of C.macrophylla Willd were determined in accordance with the methods of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).With the above seven indicators as evaluation indicators,the quality of medicinal materials was comprehensively evaluated by cluster analysis and principal component analysis(PCA).[Results]According to the results of each indicator,the moisture content of C.macrophylla Willd sample should not exceed 11.00%,the total ash content should not exceed 18%,the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 6%,the extract content should not be less than 19%,the total flavone content(calculated by quercetin)should not be less than 2%,and the quercetin content should not be less than 0.15%.[Conclusions]The sample S7 has the best quality and S6 has the worst quality.In this study,the quantitative analysis method of total flavonoids(quercetin)and quercetin in C.macrophylla Willd was established,and the limits of each indicator were preliminarily formulated.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-enzymatic Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Cardamine tangutorum O.E.Schulz by Response Surface Methodology and Content Determination

[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids in Cardamine tangutorum O.E.Schulz.[Methods]On the basis of single-factor experiments,the ultrasonic-enzymatic extraction process of total flavonoids in C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz was optimized by Box-Behnken design from aspects of ethanol volume fraction,extraction time,extraction temperature and enzyme addition,with yield of total flavonoids as the evaluation index.[Results]The optimal extraction process of total flavonoids in C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz was as follows:ethanol volume fraction of 70%,ultrasonic extraction time of 43 min,ultrasonic extraction temperature of 37℃and cellulose addition of 0.07 mg.Under the optimal conditions,the yield of total flavonoids from C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz reached 75.90 mg/g.[Conclusions]The optimized extraction process was reasonable and feasible,and it could provide a reference for the extraction of total flavonoids in C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz.This study provided a foundation for the quality control of food/medicinal materials and the development and research of big health products of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz.

Analysis of Similarities of Different Species of Boenninghausenia Plants by Common and Variant Peak Ratios Dual Indicator Sequence Method

[Objectives] To analyze the similarities of Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa Levl. and Boenninghausenia albiflora(Hook.) Meiss by the common and variant peak ratio dual indicator sequence method. [Methods] Four different solvents(petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) were used to extract the chemical components of different polar regions of B. sessilicarpa and B. albiflora. UV-visible spectrophotometry(second derivative method) was used to collect the fingerprints of different solvent extracts, and common and variant peak peak ratios were analyzed for the absorption peak data. [Results] The common peak ratio and variant peak ratio data of ground parts of B. albiflora and B. sessilicarpa was S2∶S5(46.2(54.2, 62.5)), compared with the data of other groups, the common peak ratio was the largest, thus the components of ground parts of B. albiflora and B. sessilicarpa were closest and had the largest similarities; the common peak ratio and variant peak ratio data of the components extracted by chloroform from B. albiflora and B. sessilicarpa was Y2∶Y6(54.2(38.5, 46.2)), compared with the data of other groups, the variant peak ratio was the smallest, thus, the chemical components near the chloroform polarity of two kinds of medicinal materials had the largest similarities and smallest differences. [Conclusions] This method is simple and easy to operate, and the ultraviolet fingerprint data of four different polar organic solvent extracts are used for comprehensive analysis, and the results have high specificity and high accuracy. Besides, there are certain similarities and also differences between the chemical components of B. sessilicarpa and B. albiflora. It is expected to provide a new evaluation method for the variety quality of B. sessilicarpa and B. albiflora.

Extraction Process of Green Pigment from Leaves of Arctium lappa L. by Ultrasound Assisted Method and Its Stability Study

[Objectives] The research aimed to extract green pigment from leaves of Arctium lappa L. and inspect its stability. [Methods] Ultrasound assisted method was used. [Results] Water bath temperature had little impact on green pigment, and Al^(3+), Cu^(2+), Mg^(2+) and Zn^(2+) in metal ions greatly affected green pigment, while Fe^(3+) had very little impact on the stability of green pigment. pH did not basically affect green pigment of A. lappa L. [Conclusions] The extraction rate and stability of green pigment from leaves of A. lappa L. were higher, and it was one of materials suitable for extracting green pigment.

Evaluation of Wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch from Sichuan Based on Moisture, Ash and Extract Contents

[Objectives]The research aimed to determine the contents of moisture,ash and extract of wild Paeonia veitchii Lynch produced in Sichuan,so as to provide the basis for evaluating quality of wild P.veitchii Lynch from Sichuan.[Methods]Moisture,ash and extract contents of wild P.veitchii Lynch were respectively determined according to the fourth part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version,and correlation analysis and TOPSIS analysis were used for data processing.[Results]12 batches of samples all corresponded with the provision that moisture of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 14.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;11 batches of samples all corresponded with the provisions that total ash and acid insoluble ash of P.veitchii Lynch should not exceed 7.0%and 1.0%in the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version;average content of alcohol-soluble extract by hot dipping from 12 batches of samples was 42.29%,which was not less than 30.0%.In P.veitchii Lynch,moisture and acid insoluble ash showed positive correlation with altitude,while total ash and extract content were negatively correlated with altitude.Taking moisture,ash and extract as evaluation indexes,No.9 P.veitchii Lynch sample was the best.[Conclusions]Moisture and ash of P.veitchii Lynch corresponded with the provisions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 version and the Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Sichuan Province of 2010 version,while extract content was higher than provision of the standard.The research could provide reference basis for rational utilization and quality evaluation of P.veitchii Lynch resources.

Quality Evaluation of Yi Medicine "Qibujing" Based on Determination of Water Content and Ash Content

[Objectives]To determine the water content,total ash content and acid-insoluble ash content of Yi medicinal material"Qibujing",so as to provide experimental basis for establishing the Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province.[Methods]According to the second method(drying method)in 0832 water content determination method and 2301 ash content determination method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition),it was determined,respectively,and the data were processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and DPS 7.05 data processing system.[Results]All the 14 batches of sample met the stipulation that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%under"Guan Zhong-(Qibujing)"in the 2005 edition of Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine Standard.There was a negative correlation between water content,acid-insoluble ash content and altitude,and a positive correlation between total ash content and altitude.[Conclusions]It is suggested that Quality Standard(Draft)of Yi Medicinal Material"Qibujing"in Sichuan Province stipulate that the water content should not exceed 12.0%,the total ash content should not exceed 8.0%,and the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 1.5%.

Identification of Original Plants, Traits, Microstructure and Powder of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] This study aimed to provide experimental data for the identification and application of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The original plants, traits, microstructure and powder of L. franchetii Beauv. were identified. [Results] The identification characteristics of L. franchetii Beauv. in the original plants, traits and microstructure were obvious. [Conclusions] This study can provide reference for the identification of original plants and herbs and the development of quality standards of L. franchetii Beauv. and provide a basis for further research and development.

Determination and Multidimensional Analysis of 29 Inorganic Elements in Cardamine tangutorum O.E.Schulz of Different Origins

[Objectives]This study aimed to determine the contents of inorganic elements in Cardamine tangutorum O.E.Schulz samples from different origins to provide a scientific reference for the quality control,safety evaluation and clinical medicinal use of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz.[Methods]The contents of Al,As,B,Ba,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,Ni,P,Pb,Pd,Rb,Se,Si,Sn,Sr,Ti,Tl,V and Zn in the C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz samples were determined simultaneously by wet digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES),and the determination results were analyzed by principal component analysis.[Results]A total of 28 inorganic elements were detected in the samples of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz from different origins.The contents of heavy metals did not exceed the limits.Among the elements,the determined values of Hg in all samples were below the detection limit,so it was not detected.The contents of Ca,Al,P and Fe were relatively high,and they were essential nutrients in the human body.There were significant differences among different elements.Samples from different origins show similar patterns in the distribution of main elements.Correlation analysis shows that 15 pairs of inorganic elements out of 24 elements had extremely significant positive correlations,and 26 pairs of elements had significant positive correlations.The principal component analysis determined Al,As,Ba,Ca,Cd,Fe,Mn,Ni,P,Pb,Pd,Se,V and Zn were the characteristic inorganic elements in the samples of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz.[Conclusions]The contents of toxic heavy metals in C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz samples from different origins met the edible requirements.The method was simple,rapid and accurate,and could be used to analyze and determine the inorganic elements in the samples of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz,providing a theoretical basis for the better development and utilization of C.tangutorum O.E.Schulz.

Physiological Response and Resistance of Plants to Disease and Pest Stress

This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions for future research on crop resistance to diseases and pests.The objective of this paper is to provide a reference framework for the breeding of crops with enhanced resistance to diseases and pests,the utilization of natural immunity in crops,and the efficient prevention and control of diseases and pests.This framework is intended to facilitate the healthy and sustainable development of the agricultural industry.

Identification of Tibetan and Qiang Edible and Medicinal Herbs Cardamine tangutorum and Cardamine macrophylla

[Objectives]To study the original plants,characters,tissue structure,powder characteristics and thin-layer chromatography(TLC)characteristics of Cardamine tangutorum and Cardamine macrophylla as Tibetan and Qiang edible and medicinal herbs,and to provide the basis for the identification of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla.[Methods]The identification of C.macrophyll and C.tangutorum was carried out by original plant identification,character identification,microscopic identification and TLC identification.[Results]C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla can be distinguished according to the shape of rhizome and stem,the difference of stem leaves and leaflets,and the difference of flower color;there is no obvious difference between the characteristics of the shape and the powder;the thin layer chromatography shows that in the thin layer chromatography of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla,spots with the same color are shown on the corresponding positions of the ground part and the reference substance quercetin;the underground part and the position corresponding to the reference substanceβ-sitosterol all show the same color spots.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the identification of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla.

Steroid receptor coactivator-1:The central intermediator linking multiple signals and functions in the brain and spinal cord

The effects of steroid hormones are believed to be mediated by their nuclear receptors(NRs).The p160 coactivator family,including steroid receptor coactivator-1(SRC-1),2 and 3,has been shown to physically interact with NRs to enhance their transactivational activities.Among which SRC-1 has been predominantly localized in the central nervous system including brain and spinal cord.It is not only localized in neurons but also detectable in neuroglial cells(mainly localized in the nuclei but also detectable in the extra-nuclear components).Although the expression of SRC-1 is regulated by many steroids,it is also regulated by some non-steroidal factors such as injury,sound and light.Functionally,SRC-1 has been implied in normal function such as development and ageing,learning and memory,central regulation on reproductive behaviors,motor and food intake.Pathologically,SRC-1 may play a role in the regulation of neuropsychiatric disorders(including stress,depression,anxiety,and autism spectrum disorder),metabolite homeostasis and obesity as well as tumorigenesis.Under most conditions,the related mechanisms are far from elucidation;although it may regulate spatial memory through Rictor/mTORC2-actin polymerization related synaptic plasticity.Several inhibitors and stimulator of SRC-1 have shown anti-cancer potentials,but whether these small molecules could be used to modulate ageing and central disorder related neuropathology remain unclear.Therefore,to elucidate when and how SRC-1 is turned on and off under different stimuli is very interesting and great challenge for neuroscientists.

Effect of TiO_2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

TiO2 nanoparticles（NPs） could adversely impact aquatic ecosystems. However, the aggregation of these NPs could attenuate this effect. In this work, the biological effects of TiO2 NPs on a marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana were investigated. The aggregation kinetics of TiO2 NPs under different conditions was also investigated to determine and understand these effects. Results showed that, though TiO2 NPs had no obvious impact on the size and reproducibility of algal cells under testing conditions, they caused a negative effect on algal chlorophyll, which led to a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, fast aggregation of TiO2 NPs occurred under all conditions, especially at the pH close to the p Hzpc. Increasing ionic strength and NP concentration also enhanced the aggregation rate.The aggregation and the following sedimentation of TiO2 NPs reduced their adverse effects on I. galbana.