Review and prospects on the low-voltage Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Due to its low cost and natural abundance of sodium,Na-ion batteries(NIBs)are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems.The development of ultralow voltage anode materials is of great significance in improving the energy density of NIBs.Low-voltage anode materials,however,are severely lacking in NIBs.Of all the reported insertion oxides anodes,the Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) has the lowest operating voltage(an average potential of 0.3 V vs.Na^(+)/Na)and is less likely to deposit sodium,which has excellent potential for achieving NIBs with high energy densities and high safety.Although significant progress has been made,achieving Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) electrodes with excellent performance remains a severe challenge.This paper systematically summarizes and discusses the physicochemical properties and synthesis methods of Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7).Then,the sodium storage mechanisms,key issues and challenges,and the optimization strategies for the electrochemical performance of Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) are classified and further elaborated.Finally,remaining challenges and future research directions on the Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) anode are highlighted.This review offers insights into the design of high-energy and high-safety NIBs.

Vital contribution of brassinosteroids to hypoxia-stimulated coleoptile elongation in submerged rice

The rapid elongation of rice(Oryza sativa)coleoptile is pivotal for the plant plumule to evade hypoxia stress induced by submergence,a condition often arising from overirrigation,ponding,rainstorms,or flooding.While brassinosteroids(BRs)are recognized for their diverse roles in plant growth and development,their influence on coleoptile elongation under hypoxic conditions remains largely unexplored.In this study,we demonstrate the significant requirement of BRs for coleoptile elongation in deep water.During coleoptile development,Glycogen Synthase Kinase3-Like Kinase2(GSK2),the central inhibitor of BR signaling in rice,undergoes substantial suppression in deep water but induction in air.In contrast,the dephosphorylated form of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1(OsBZR1),representing the active form of the key BR signaling transcription factor,is induced in water but suppressed in air.Remarkably,the knockout of GSK3-like kinase genes significantly enhances coleoptile elongation in deep water,strongly indicating a vital contribution of BR response to hypoxia-stimulated coleoptile elongation.Transcriptome analysis uncovers both BR-associated and BR-independent hypoxia responses,implicating substance metabolism,redox reactions,abiotic stress responses,and crosstalk with other hormones in the regulation of BR-induced hypoxia responses.In summary,our findings suggest that rice plumules rapidly elongate coleoptiles through the activation of BR response in deep water,enabling them to escape from submergence-induced hypoxia stress.

Single flow treatment degradation of antibiotics in water using falling-film dielectric barrier discharge

The environmental contamination caused by antibiotics is increasingly conspicuous due to their widespread manufacture and misuse. Plasma has been employed in recent years for the remediation of antibiotic pollution in the environment. In this work, a falling-film dielectric barrier discharge was used to degrade the antibiotic tetracycline(TC) in water. The reactor combined the gas-liquid discharge and active gas bubbling to improve the TC degradation performance. The discharge characteristics, chemical species’ concentration, and degradation rates at different parameters were systematically studied. Under the optimized conditions(working gas was pure oxygen, liquid flow rate was 100 mL/min, gas flow rate was 1 L/min,voltage was 20 kV, single treatment), TC was removed beyond 70% in a single flow treatment with an energy efficiency of 145 mg/(kW·h). The reactor design facilitated gas and liquid flow in the plasma area to produce more ozone in bubbles after a single flow under pure oxygen conditions, affording fast TC degradation. Furthermore, long-term stationary experiment indicated that long-lived active species can sustain the degradation of TC. Compared with other plasma treatment systems, this work offers a fast and efficient degradation method, showing significant potential in practical industrial applications.

Experimental study on the effect of H_(2)O and O_(2) on the degradation of SF_(6) by pulsed dielectric barrier discharge

SF_(6) has excellent insulation performance and arc extinguishing ability,and is widely used in the power industry.However,its global warming potential is about 23,500 times that of C0_(2),it can exist stably in the atmosphere,it is not easily degradable and is of great potential harm to the environment.Based on pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma technology,the effects of H_(2)O and 0_(2) on the degradation of SF_(6) were studied.Studies have shown that H_(2)O can effectively promote the decomposition of SF_(6) and improve its degradation rate and energy efficiency of degradation.Under the action of a pulse input voltage and input frequency of 15 kV and 15 kHz,respectively,when H_(2)O is added alone the effect of 1% H_(2)O is the best,and the rate and energy efficiency of degradation of SF_(6) reach their maximum values,which are 91.9% and 8.25 g kWh^(-1),respectively.The synergistic effect of H_(2)O and O_(2) on the degradation of SF_(6) was similar to that of H_(2)O.When the concentration of H_(2)O and O_(2) was 1%,the system obtained the best rate and energy efficiency of degradation,namely 89.7% and 8.05 g kWh~(-1),respectively.At the same time,different external gases exhibit different capabilities to regulate decomposition products.The addition of H_(2)O can effectively improve the selectivity of S0_(2).Under the synergistic effect of H_(2)O and O_(2),with increase in O_(2) concentration the degradation products gradually transformed into SO_(2)F_(2).From the perspective of harmless treatment of the degradation products of SF_(6),the addition of O_(2) during the SF_(6) degradation process should be avoided.

Source-to-sink of Late carboniferous Ordos Basin: Constraints on crustal accretion margins converting to orogenic belts bounding the North China Block

The Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation of the Ordos Basin is the lowest strata overlying Middle Ordovician above the major ca.150-Myr sedimentary gap that characterizes the entire North China Block(NCB).We apply an integrated analysis of stratigraphy,petrography,and U-Pb dates and Hf isotopes on detrital zircons to investigate its provenance and relationships to the progressive collisions that formed the Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt to the north and the Qinling Orogenic Belt to the south.The results show that,in addition to regional patterns of siliciclastic influx from these new uplifted sources,the Benxi Formation is composed of two sequences corresponding to long-term glacial-interglacial cycles during the Moscovian to lower Gzhelian stages which drove global changes of eustatic sea level and weathering.The spatio-temporal distribution of sediment isopachs and facies indicate there were two sediment-infilling pulses,during which the southern and the northern Ordos Basin developed tidal-reworked deltas.The age spectra from detrital zircons,trace element patterns and εNd(t)values reveal that the siliciclastics forming the southern delta was sourced in the Qinling Orogenic Belt,whereas the northern delta was derived from the Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt.The source-to-sink evolution of this Upper Paleozoic system records the progressive development of orogenic belts and uplifts forming on the southern and northern margins of the NCB prior to its collisions with the South China and the Siberian plates,respectively.

Exploring single atom catalysts of transition-metal doped phosphorus carbide monolayer for HER:A first-principles study

Hydrogen has been identified as one of the most promising sustainable and clean energy. Developing hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) catalyst with high activity is essential for satisfying the future requirements. Considering novel advantages of two-dimensional materials and high catalytic activity of atomic transition metal, in this study, using density functional theory calculation, the HER on single transitionmetal(23 different TM atoms) doped phosphorus carbide monolayer(α-PC) has been investigated. The Volmer–Tafel and Volmer–Heyrovsky reaction mechanisms, and the stability of the most promising HER catalyst are also included. The results show that Ir-αPC with high physical and thermal stability has the most optimal value of Gibbs free adsorption energy for H atom. The relationship of d band center and the HER activity shows a volcano-like curve. The calculation of reaction energy barrier indicates that the Volmer-Heyrovsky step is more favorable than the Volmer-Tafel step.

Plasma-assisted abatement of SF6 in a packed bed plasma reactor: understanding the effect of gas composition

The potential impact of SF6 as a potent greenhouse gas on the global climate is highly attractive.This paper studies the effect of H2O concentration,SF6 inlet concentration and pre-heating temperature on SF6 abatement in a packed bed plasma reactor in terms of the removal efficiency and products selectivity.The results showed that the best performance in SF6 abatement was obtained at 1%H2O and 100°C with 98.7%destruction and remove efficiency(DRE)at 2%SF6.Higher energy yields was obtained under higher SF6 inlet concentration.Moreover,the existence of water vapor weakened the micro-discharge and provided H and OH radicals for this system,which showed a close relationship to removal efficiency and products selectivity.Among four sulfur-containing products,SO2 F2 was more stable than SOF2,SOF4 and SO2.Meanwhile,SOF4 and SO2 were very susceptible to the above parameters.This article provides a better understanding of SF6 abatement in a view of both scientific and engineering.

Brassinosteroid-regulated plant growth and development and gene expression in soybean

Brassinosteroids(BRs) are endogenous phytohormones that play important roles in regulating plant growth and development.In this study, we evaluated the effects of brassinolide(BL, one of the active BRs) on soybean and identified roles of the hormone in regulating multiple aspects of plant growth and development.BL application promoted hypocotyl and epicotyl elongation in the light but blocked epicotyl elongation in the dark.High levels of castasterone and BL accumulated in light-grown plants.BL disrupted shoot negative gravitropism, whereas gibberellin did not.BL delayed leaf senescence.Transcriptome analysis showed that BL induced cell wall-modifying genes and auxin-associated genes but suppressed a class of WRKY genes involved in senescence and stress responses,showing the complex roles of BRs in multiple biological processes.

Characteristics of perfluoromethyl vinyl ether:A new eco-friendly alternative gas for SF_(6)

The exploration of eco-friendly insulating gas to substitute the most potent greenhouse gas sulphur hexafluoride(SF6)has consistently garnered significant attention.Herein,the au-thors evaluated the feasibility of utilising perfluoromethyl vinyl ether(PMVE,C_(3)F_(6)O)as a new branch of eco-friendly insulating gas for the first time.The primary dielectric and stability characteristics of PMVE regarding AC breakdown,partial discharge,dielectric recovery,and decomposition properties were revealed under various gas pressure and electrical field conditions.It was found that PMVE demonstrated superior dielectric strength,with the AC breakdown and PD inception voltage(PDIV)1.10 and 1.14 times that of pure SF_(6).Furthermore,the dielectric strength of PMVE exhibits stability even after undergoing 100 cycles of AC breakdowns,and there is no observable formation of solid precipitation on the electrode surface.The discharge decomposition of PMVE mainly generates fluorocarbon(CF_(4),C_(2)F_(6),C_(3)F_(6),C_(3)F_(8),etc.)and CO.Overall,the exceptional insulation stabilityandno absence of solidprecipitation featuresendow PMVE tobe utilised as a new eco-friendly gas for SF_(6)-free gas-insulated equipment.

Assessment on gas-polyethylene terephthalate solid interface partial discharge properties of C4F7N/CO_(2)gas mixture for eco-friendly gas insulating transformer

The eco-friendly insulating gas perfluoroisobutyronitrile(C_(4)F_(7)N)is potentially used in gas-insulated transformers(GIT)to replace sulphur hexafluoride(SF_(6)).However,evaluation of the long-term insulation reliability and gas–solid interface discharge decomposition characteristics of the gas–solid film insulation structure in GIT is indispensable.The authors simulated the gas–solid film insulation structure in GIT and explored the interface partial discharge(PD)characteristics of C4F7N/CO_(2)gas mixture with polyethylene terephthalate(PET).The effect of gas pressure,mixing ratio on gas–solid interface gas decomposition,PET degradation was investigated,and the interaction mechanism was analysed.It is found that the interface PD generated three degradation regions on a PET film.The gas–solid interface reaction in the electrode contact region and the discharge development trace was significantly higher than that of halation region.The content of gas decomposition products decreases with the increase of gas pressure and the PD intensity of SF6-PET is inferior to that of C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)under the same condition.Relevant results provide reference for the development and application of C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)based GIT.

Investigation on Degradation Path of SF_(6)in Packed-bed Plasma:Effect of Plasma-generated Radicals

SF_(6)degradation mechanism in non-thermal plasma(NTP)systems is not fully understood due to the formation of a complex physico-chemical reaction network,especially when reactive gases and packing materials are involved.In this work,we conduct a combined experimental and theoretical study to unravel the SF_(6)degradation path in a-Al_(2)O_(3)packed plasma in the presence of H_(2)O or O_(2).Our experimental results show that both H_(2)O and O_(2)have a synergetic effect with-Al_(2)O_(3)packing on promoting SF_(6)degradation,leading to higher stable gas yields than typical spark or corona discharges.H_(2)O or O_(2)addition promotes SO_(2)or SO_(2)F_(2)selectivity,respectively.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that SO_(2)generation corresponding with the highest activation barrier is the most critical step toward SF_(6)degradation.Radicals like H and O generated from H_(2)O or O_(2)discharge can significantly promote the degradation process via Eley-Rideal mechanism,affecting key reactions of stable product generation,advancing degradation efficiency.The results of this work could provide insights on further understanding SF_(6)degradation mechanism especially in packed-bed plasma systems.

SO_(2)and SOF_(2)simultaneous detection by single mid-infrared laser based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

In the detection of multi-component gas based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS),the problem of overlapping interference between the absorption lines of each gas is often encountered.For example,when detecting a gas mixture of sulphur dioxide(SO_(2))and thionyl fluoride(SOF_(2)),the characteristic decomposition components of SF6,there is overlapping interference in the absorption lines of the two gases,which makes it difficult to detect the concentration of gases accurately.In view of this problem,a novel method based on support vector regression model used for TDLAS is proposed to detect two gases simultaneously.The detection results show that the correlation coefficients between the concentration of SO_(2)and SOF_(2)and the average value of the second harmonic peak reached 0.992 and 0.993.In addition,through model testing,different concentrations of SO_(2)and SOF_(2)gas mixture are simultaneously detected,and the resulting maximum errors for measuring SO_(2)and SOF_(2)concentrations are less than 7.13×10^(-5)and 0.26×10^(-2).The maximum errors of the measurement results in the verification test are not more than 6.4×10^(-3)and 4.6×10^(-2).Therefore,with assistance of the novel method,the detection of multiple gases by using a single laser is achieved.

Theoretical assessment of discharge effects on the decomposition tendency of C_(6)F_(12)O over metallic surfaces

C_(6)F_(12)O is proposed to be one potential eco-friendly insulation gas to replace SF6.However,the assessment of its decomposition properties and the compatibility with metal electrodes in discharge faults is still challenging,which greatly hinders the development of its insulation and arc-extinction applications.Herein,a theoretical method is proposed to reasonably address the discharge effects on C_(6)F_(12)O decomposition over typical Cu and Al electrodes at atomic scale.The results show that both the external electric field and the excess electrons could affect the activation of C_(6)F_(12)O by changing the electron acceptance of C_(6)F_(12)O and the orbital hybridisation during the surface bonding.On metal surfaces,the C-F single bond in adsorbed C_(6)F_(12)O is the weakest position to decompose,and its cleavage could be promoted by the discharge effects.After the C-F breaking,the C-C cleavage remains unfavourable on Cu(111),but it is significantly promoted on Al(111),indicating a higher corrosion risk on the Al surface via continuous C_(6)F_(12)O decompositions.The proposed method as a valid supplement to the experiment reveals the discharge effects and the decomposition tendency of C_(6)F_(12)O on metal electrodes in discharge faults,which broadens the means for insulation gas evaluation.

Editorial:The development of eco-friendly insulating gases and SF6-free equipment for‘net-zero’

Developing low-carbon gas insulated transmission and distribution equipment is essential to achieve the‘carbon peak,carbon neutralisation’or‘net-zero’in the power industry.Scholars have carried out various research on the eco-friendly insulating gas(such as C4F7N,C5F10O)and next-generation SF6-free equipment to gradually reduce the utilisation of strong greenhouse gas SF6.

The U-box ubiquitin ligase TUD1 promotes brassinosteroid-induced GSK2 degradation in rice

Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of steroid hormones with great potential for use in crop improvement.De-repression is usually one of the key events in hormone signaling.However,how the stability of GSK2,the central negative regulator of BR signaling in rice(Oryza sativa),is regulated by BRs remains elusive.Here,we identify the U-box ubiquitin ligase TUD1 as a GSK2-interacting protein by yeast two-hybrid screening.We show that TUD1 is able to directly interact with GSK2 and ubiquitinate the protein.Phenotypes of the tud1 mutant are highly similar to those of plants with constitutively activated GSK2.Consistent with this finding,GSK2 protein accumulates in the tud1 mutant compared with the wild type.In addition,inhibition of BR synthesis promotes GSK2 accumulation and suppresses TUD1 stability.By contrast,BRs can induce GSK2 degradation but promote TUD1 accumulation.Furthermore,the GSK2 degradation process is largely impaired in tud1 in response to BR.In conclusion,our study demonstrates the role of TUD1 in BR-induced GSK2 degradation,thereby advancing our understanding of a critical step in the BR signaling pathway of rice.

Adsorption properties of environmentally friendly insulating medium C_(4)F_(7)N and its common decomposition products in NaA,NaZSM-5,and NaX molecular sieves

Selecting suitable materials to adsorb the C_(4)F_(7)N mixtures decomposition products could not only keep the stable operation of the environmentally friendly insulating gas switch cabinet,but also ensure the safety of operation and maintenance personnel.It is necessary to study the interaction of three types of molecular sieves with the C_(4)F_(7)N mixture and its decomposition products,which could provide a theoretical basis for the selection of adsorbents in the C_(4)F_(7)N gas switch cabinet.In this research,the molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the C_(4)F_(7)N-CO_(2)mixture and its ten kinds of decomposition products CO,CF_(4),C_(2)F_(6),C_(3)F_(6),C_(3)F_(8),CF_(3)H,CF_(3)CN,C_(2)F_(5)CN,C_(2)N_(2),and COF_(2)in three molecular sieves adsorption process(NaA,NaZSM-5,and NaX).The gas concentration distribution curve and interaction energy parameters were obtained by simulation.The interaction energies of C_(3)F_(8)in NaA,C_(4)F_(7)N in NaZSM-5,and C_(3)F_(6)in NaX molecular sieve are the largest,which are−368.35 kJ/mol,−174.93 kJ/mol,and−340.09 kJ/mol respectively.Then,the theoretical results were verified by the fluorocarbon gases adsorption experiment.The adsorption performance of three molecular sieves for all gases was obtained by combining the experimental results and dynamics parameters.The adsorption rate of the NaA molecular sieve for fluorocarbon gas is less than 35%,and its adsorption performance for all gases is weak.NaZSM-5 and NaX molecular sieves show excellent adsorption performance for C_(3)F_(6)and C_(3)F_(8),and the adsorption rates are over 70%.NaZSM-5 molecular sieve shows good adsorption capacity for CF_(3)CN,C_(2)F_(6),C_(2)N_(2),C_(3)F_(6),C_(3)F_(8),C_(4)F_(7)N,and C_(2)F_(5)CN.NaX molecular sieve shows good adsorption capacity for C_(3)F_(6),C_(3)F_(8),C_(4)F_(7)N,and C_(2)F_(5)CN.Both of them have the potential to be used as adsorbents in environmental protection insulated gas switch cabinet.

Research on the adsorption of environmentally friendly insulating gas C_(4)F_(7)N decomposed components on the surface ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)

C_(4)F_(7)N is considered to be the most potential alternative gas for SF_(6).However,harmful decomposition by-products generated by the discharge or overheating faults will pose threat to safe operation and service life of gas insulated equipment(GIE).Herein,we investigated the adsorption performance ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)on C_(4)F_(7)N and its decomposition products to evaluate the possibility of using it as by-products adsorbent or exhaust treatment material.It is found thatγ-Al_(2)O_(3)demonstrates superior adsorption capacity for CF_(4),C_(2)F_(6),C_(3)F_(8),C_(3)F_(6),C_(2)F_(4),and keeps stable after the interaction.The first-principles calculation infers thatγ-Al_(2)O_(3)has stronger interaction with C_(4)F_(7)N,C_(3)F_(6)and C_(3)F_(8)than that of C_(2)F_(4),C_(2)F_(6)and CF_(4).There exists obvious charge transfer between C_(4)F_(7)N andγ-Al_(2)O_(3),which belongs to chemisorption.The interaction between F 2p orbital and C=Cπorbital determines the gas-solid adsorption performance.The desorption properties were also explored and the recovery time was in order of CF_(4)<C_(2)F_(6)<C_(2)F_(4)<C_(3)F_(8)<C_(4)F_(7)N<C_(3)F_(6).Overall,theγ-Al_(2)O_(3)is inappropriate to be used as the adsorbent for decomposition by-products of C_(4)F_(7)N gas mixture-based GIE,while it can be used as exhaust treatment material for C_(4)F_(7)N wasted gas.

油菜素甾醇调控水稻盐胁迫应答的作用研究

油菜素甾醇(BR)作为植物内源激素,广泛参与植物的生长发育过程及逆境应答。虽然BR调控生长发育的分子机制目前已相对清楚,但在水稻(Oryza sativa)中, BR在逆境反应中的功能还鲜有报道。该研究系统分析了BR在高盐胁迫过程中的作用,表明盐胁迫和逆境激素脱落酸可抑制BR合成基因D2和D11的表达,典型的BR缺陷突变体(如d2-2和d61-1)则表现出对盐胁迫敏感性增强。此外,通过对BR核心转录因子OsBZR1的过表达株系进行分析,发现BR可显著诱导OsBZR1的去磷酸化,盐胁迫对OsBZR1蛋白的积累水平和磷酸化状态均有调控作用。转录组数据分析表明,BR处理前后差异表达基因中有38.4%同时受到盐胁迫调控,其中91.5%受到BR和高盐一致调控,并显著富集在应激反应过程中。研究结果表明,BR正调控水稻的耐盐性,而盐胁迫通过抑制BR合成来限制水稻的生长。

The divergence of brassinosteroid sensitivity between rice subspecies involves natural variation conferring altered internal auto-binding of OsBSK2

Japonica/geng and indica/xian are two major rice(Oryza sativa)subspecies with multiple divergent traits,but how these traits are related and interact within each subspecies remains elusive.Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of steroid phytohormones that modulate many important agronomic traits in rice.Here,using different physiological assays,we revealed that japonica rice exhibits an overall lower BR sensitivity than indica.Extensive screening of BR signaling genes led to the identification of a set of genes distributed throughout the primary BR signaling pathway with divergent polymorphisms.Among these,we demonstrate that the C38/T variant in BR Signaling Kinase2(OsBSK2),causing the amino acid change P13L,plays a central role in mediating differential BR signaling in japonica and indica rice.OsBSK2in indica plays a greater role in BR signaling than OsB SK2in japonica by affecting the auto-binding and protein accumulation of OsBSK2.Finally,we determined that OsBSK2 is involved in a number of divergent traits in japonica relative to indica rice,including grain shape,tiller number,cold adaptation,and nitrogen-use efficiency.Our study suggests that the natural variation in OsB SK2 plays a key role in the divergence of BR signaling,which underlies multiple divergent traits between japonica and indica.

Experimental study on the partial discharge and AC breakdown properties of C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)mixture

As an environmental friendly insulating medium,C_(4)F_(7)N has received extensive attention in the past two years.In this study,the partial discharge(PD)and breakdown characteristics of C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)gas mixture were investigated using the gas insulation performance test platform.The influence of gas pressure and mixing ratio on the PD initial voltage(PDIV)and breakdown voltage of C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)gas mixture in different electric fields was tested.It was found that the PDIV and breakdown voltage of gas mixture with 2-8%C_(4)F_(7)N in the highly non-uniform field showed a linear saturation increasing trend with the change of gas pressure and mixing ratio.The breakdown voltage of gas mixture increases linearly with gas pressure in the quasi-uniform electric field.The relative breakdown voltage of gas mixture in the highly non-uniform field under high-pressure conditions is inferior to those of low-pressure conditions.The C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)gas mixture containing 2-8%C_(4)F_(7)N is sensitive to the non-uniformity of electric field.According to the PD and breakdown tests results,C_(4)F_(7)N/CO_(2)gas mixture with 2-8%C_(4)F_(7)N has the potential to replace SF6 using in gas-insulated equipment.