Striping Noise Analysis and Mitigation for Microwave Temperature Sounder-2 Observations

The Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS)-2 has a total of 13 temperature-sounding channels with the capability of observing radiance emissions from near the surface to the stratosphere. Similar to the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS), striping pattern noise, primarily in the cross-track direction, exists in MWTS-2 radiance observations. In this study, an algorithm based on principal component analysis(PCA) combined with ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) is described and applied to MWTS-2 brightness temperature observations. It is arguably necessary to smooth the first three principal component(PC) coefficients by removing the first four intrinsic mode functions(IMFs) using the EEMD method(denoted as PC3/IMF4). After the PC3/IMF4 noise mitigation, the striping pattern noise is effectively removed from the brightness temperature observations. The noise level in MWTS-2 observations is significantly higher than that detected in ATMS observations. In May 2014, the scanning profile of MWTS-2 was adjusted from varying-speed scanning to constantspeed scanning. The impact on striping noise levels brought on by this scan profile change is also analyzed here. The striping noise in brightness temperature observations worsened after the profile change. Regardless of the scan profile change, the striping noise mitigation method reported in this study can more or less suppress the noise levels in MWTS-2 observations.

A Limb Correction Method for the Microwave Temperature Sounder 2 and Its Applications

The Microwave Temperature Sounder 2(MWTS-2)is a cross-track radiometer that has 13 channels of sampling radiances emitted from different vertical levels of the atmosphere.Because of the varying scan angles of each field of view within a scan line,observations from the MWTS-2 are subject to strong scan-position-dependent features,i.e.,the limb effect.When examining brightness temperatures(TBs),weather signals observed at every temperature-sounding channel are often concealed by scan-dependent patterns.This study,therefore,proposes a limb correction method to remove scan-dependent features so that the underlying weather signals can be uncovered.Limb-corrected TBs can be used to monitor large-scale patterns over the globe as well as extreme weather events such as typhoons.Limb-corrected TBs are also more correlated with atmospheric physical variables such as temperature and liquid water path.

原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的治疗进展

原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)是仅累及脑实质、脊髓、眼、颅神经及脑膜,无中枢神经(central nervous system,CNS)以外部位受累的一类结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤。目前,治疗主要是以大剂量甲氨蝶呤为基础的化疗,联合大剂量化疗/自体干细胞移植(autologous stem cell transplantation,auto-HSCT)或减量的全脑放疗。但缓解率较低,不良反应较大。研究显示,10%~15%的患者对诱导化疗原发耐药,即使治疗有效,仍有50%的患者复发。近年来,PCNSL遗传学和分子的研究极大地促进了生物学机制的理解。小分子药物和靶向药物治疗的前景可观,有望减少不良反应的同时,提高患者缓解率、延长寿命。本文主要对目前PCNSL的新治疗方向进行综述。

Comparison of Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder Biases Estimated Using Radio Occultation and Hurricane Florence(2018) Captured by NOAA-20 and S-NPP

The second Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS)was onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)-20 satellite when launched on 18 November 2017.Using nearly six months of the earliest NOAA-20 observations,the biases of the ATMS instrument were compared between NOAA-20 and the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership(S-NPP)satellite.The biases of ATMS channels 8 to 13 were estimated from the differences between antenna temperature observations and model simulations generated from Meteorological Operational(MetOp)-A and MetOp-B satellites’Global Positioning System(GPS)radio occultation(RO)temperature and water vapor profiles.It was found that the ATMS onboard the NOAA-20 satellite has generally larger cold biases in the brightness temperature measurements at channels 8 to 13 and small standard deviations.The observations from ATMS on both S-NPP and NOAA-20 are shown to demonstrate an ability to capture a less than 1-h temporal evolution of Hurricane Florence(2018)due to the fact that the S-NPP orbits closely follow those of NOAA-20.

A non-ACE2 competing human single-domain antibody confers broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants

The current COVID-19 pandemic has heavily burdened the global public health system and may keep simmering for years.The frequent emergence of immune escape variants have spurred the search for prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies that confer broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Here we show that the bivalency of an affinity maturated fully human singledomain antibody(n3113.1-Fc)exhibits exquisite neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus,and confers effective prophylactic and therapeutic protection against authentic SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)humanized mice.The crystal structure of n3113 in complex with the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2,combined with the cryo-EM structures of n3113 and spike ecto-domain,reveals that n3113 binds to the side surface of up-state RBD with no competition with ACE2.The binding of n3113 to this novel epitope stabilizes spike in up-state conformations but inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S mediated membrane fusion,expanding our recognition of neutralization by antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.Binding assay and pseudovirus neutralization assay show no evasion of recently prevalent SARS-CoV-2 lineages,including Alpha(B.1.1.7),Beta(B.1.351),Gamma(P.1),and Delta(B.1.617.2)for n3113.1-Fc with Y58L mutation,demonstrating the potential of n3113.1-Fc(Y58L)as a promising candidate for clinical development to treat COVID-19.