Conceptual design of the tail research experiment at the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility(SPERF-TREX)

The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility(SPERF)for ground simulation of the space plasma environment is a key component of the Space Environment Simulation Research Infrastructure(SESRI),a major national science and technology infrastructure for fundamental research.It is designed to investigate outstanding issues in the space plasma environment,such as energetic particle acceleration,transport,and interaction with electromagnetic waves,as well as magnetic reconnection processes,in magnetospheric plasmas.The Tail-Research EXperiment(TREX)is part of the SPERF for laboratory studies of space physics relevant to magnetic reconnection,dipolarization and hydromagnetic wave excitation in the magnetotail.SPERFTREX is designed to carry out three types of experiments:the tail plasmoid for magnetic reconnection,dipolarization front formation,and magnetohydrodynamic waves excited by highspeed plasma jets.In this paper,the scientific goals and three scenarios of SPERF-TREX for typical processes in space plasmas are presented,and experimental plans for SPERF-TREX are also reviewed,together with the plasma sources applied to generate the plasma with the desired parameters and various magnetic configurations.

Laboratory observation of electron energy distribution near three-dimensional magnetic nulls

The acceleration of electrons near three-dimensional(3D)magnetic nulls is crucial to the energy conversion mechanism in the 3D magnetic reconnection process.To explore electron acceleration in a 3D magnetic null topology,we constructed a pair of 3D magnetic nulls in the PKU Plasma Test(PPT)device and observed acceleration of electrons near magnetic nulls.This study measured the plasma floating potential and ion density profiles around the 3D magnetic null.The potential wells near nulls may be related to the energy variations of electrons,so we measured the electron distribution functions(EDFs)at different spatial positions.The axial variation of EDF shows that the electrons deviate from the Maxwell distribution near magnetic nulls.With scanning probes that can directionally measure and theoretically analyze based on curve fitting,the variations of EDFs are linked to the changes of plasma potential under 3D magnetic null topology.The kinetic energy of electrons accelerated by the electric field is 6 eV(v_(e)~7v_(Alfvén-e))and the scale of the region where accelerating electrons exist is in the order of serval electron skin depths.

On the longitudinal shifts of the Agulhas retroflection point

The Agulhas system is the strongest western boundary current system in the Southern Hemisphere and plays an important role in modulating the Indian-to-Atlantic Ocean water exchange by the Agulhas leakage.It is difficult to measure in situ transport of the Agulhas leakage as well as the Agulhas retroflection position due to their intermittent nature.In this study,an innovative kinematic algorithm was designed and applied to the gridded altimeter observational data,to ascertain the longitudinal position of Agulhas retroflection,the stability of Agulhas jet stream,as well as its strength.The results show that the east-west shift of retroflection is related neither to the strength of Agulhas current nor to its stability.Further analysis uncovers the connection between the westward extension of Agulhas jet stream and an anomalous cyclonic circulation at its northern side,which is likely attributed to the local wind stress curl anomaly.To confirm the effect of local wind forcing on the east-west shift of retroflection,numerical sensitivity experiments were conducted.The results show that the local wind stress can induce a similar longitudinal shift of the retroflection as altimetry observations.Further statistical and case study indicates that whether an Agulhas ring can continuously migrate westward to the Atlantic Ocean or re-merge into the main flow depends on the retroflection position.Therefore,the westward retroflection may contribute to a stronger Agulhas leakage than the eastward retroflection.

Inward particle transport driven by biased endplate in a cylindrical magnetized plasma

The inward particle transport is associated with the formation of peaked density profiles,which contributes to improve the fusion rate and the realization of steady-state discharge.The active control of inward particle transport is considered as one of the most critical issues of magnetic confinement fusion.Recently,it is realized preliminarily by adding a biased endplate in the Peking University Plasma Test(PPT)device.The results reveal that the inward particle flux increases with the bias voltage of the endplate.It is also found that the profile of radial electric field(Er)shear is flattened by the increased bias voltage.Radial velocity fluctuations affect the inward particle more than density fluctuations,and the frequency of the dominant mode driving inward particle flux increases with the biased voltage applied to the endplate.The experimental results in the PPT device provide a method to actively control the inward particle flux using a biased endplate and enrich the understanding of the relationship between E_(r)×B shear and turbulence transport.

Analyzing the Differences in the Concepts of Love Between Korean and American Women Using the Female Characters in Kim Ji-young,Born in 1982 and The Sun Also Rises as Examples

This paper scrutinizes the differences in the conceptualization of love between Korean and American women.Grounded in an analysis of literary figures,Brett and Kim Ji-young,the study unravels the intricate interplay of cultural,historical,and societal forces shaping these perspectives.The contrasting landscapes of the United States,driven by ideals of freedom and individualism,and Korea,entrenched in Confucian values and collectivism,serve as crucibles for forming women’s roles,self-perception,and societal expectations.The examination extends to communication styles,illuminating the directness of American expression versus Korea’s reliance on formalism.Through this exploration,the paper illustrates the profound impact of cultural contexts on the intricate tapestry of love,offering a nuanced understanding of divergent viewpoints within a global context.

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

Combined Detrusor and External Urethral Sphincter BTX-A Injections for Detrusor Overactivity and Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Combined detrusor and external urethral sphincter BTX-A injections for detrusor overactivity (DO) and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) secondary to spinal cord injury. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: The study was carried out in 18 SCI patients with detrusor overactivity (DO) and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) receiving Combined detrusor and external urethral sphincter BTX-A injections treatment. Contain 200 U botulinum toxin intradetrusor and 100 U external urethral sphincter injections. The effective outcomes included maximum detrusor pressure at first DO and DESD (PdetmaxDO-DESD), volume at first DO and DESD (VDO-DESD), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), and Incontinence-Specific Quality-of-Life Instrument (I-QoL). Adverse events were recorded. Results: All patients experienced a significant mean reduction in PdetmaxDO-DESD (50.75%), maximum urethral closure pressure (26.34%) and a significant mean increase in VDO-DESD (63.00%) 12-weeks post-injection. Significant (p < 0.001) improvement in mean Incontinence-Specific Quality-of-Life Instrument was also found. No obvious adverse event and toxic effect was observed. Conclusion: Combined detrusor and external urethral sphincter BTX-A injections is a good choice for patients with DO and DESD secondary to spinal cord injury. It could not only protect the upper urinary tract but also improve quality of life.

Autonomic Dysreflexia Severity between Urodynamics and Cystoscopy in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury above T6

Objective: The objective is to evaluate autonomic dysreflexia (AD) severity between urodynamics and cystoscopy in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) above thoracic 6 (T6). Design: It is a cross-sectional survey. Subject and methods: The study was carried out in 22 patients with SCI above T6 who underwent both procedures of urodynamics and cystoscopy;all patients developed episodes of AD. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured and recorded at the beginning and during the various stages of the two examinations. AD was defined as a rise in SBP above 20 mm Hg. Results: There was no significant difference in SBP and DBP at baseline before urodynamics and cystoscopy. Both urodynamics and cystoscopy triggered episodes of AD. The volume of water instilled during cystoscopy was typically standard and smaller (150 mL) in comparison with urodynamics, where volume varied depending on cystometric bladder capacity (the mean bladder volume in our study was 234.86 ± 139.06 mL). The SBP was significantly different between cystoscopy and urodynamics (49.23 ± 23.07 mm Hg and 35.14 ± 15.75 mm Hg, respectively;P = 0.023). Conclusions: Although bladder distension during cystoscopy was less than that in urodynamics, the severity of AD was more pronounced during cystoscopy. It is recommended that monitoring of cardiovascular parameters during these procedures should be routinely performed.

Initial Experience with Mirabegron for the Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Background: Though anticholinergic drugs are considered the standard treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity, it is far from an ideal tool, because of their adverse effects such as Constipation or not respond sufficiently for a substantial proportion of patients. Recently mirabegron has become a commonly used overactive bladder medication in the general population, but few studies about mirabegron for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mirabegron for the treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: This prospective study included 13 adult patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction as a result of spinal cord injury. All patients receiving mirabegron treatment (50 mg once daily) at least 6 weeks. The effective outcomes included the mean urine volume per catheterization, urinary incontinence episodes and Incontinence Specific Quality of Life Instrument. We monitored the blood pressure and heart rate to assess the cardiovascular safety, other adverse events were also recorded. Results: A total of 13 patients were included. After 6 weeks of treatment, all patients experienced a significant increase in the mean volume of per catheterization from 238.46 ± 65.43 ml to 327.69 ± 59.04 ml (p = 0.001). There is a significant reduction in the volume of urine leakage (463.85 ± 247.98 ml VS 180.00 ± 190.96 ml, p = 0.003) and incontinence episodes per 24 h (4.46 ± 2.03 VS 1.92 ± 1.50, p = 0.001). Significant improvement in mean Incontinence Specific Quality of Life Instrument was also found (p = 0.001). No patients reported dry mouth during the study, and the cardiovascular safety were acceptable. Conclusion: Mirabegron is safe and effective in the treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. It might be a good choice for reducing the cessation of clean intermittent catheterization.

Experimental observation of the transport induced by ion Bernstein waves near the separatrix of magnetic nulls

The waves in a magnetic null could play important roles during 3D magnetic reconnection.Some preliminary clues in this paper show that the ion Bernstein wave(IBW)may be closely related to transport process in magnetic null region.The magnetic null configuration experiment reported here is set up in a linear helicon plasma device,Peking University plasma test device(PPT).The wave modes with frequencies between the first and third harmonics of local ion cyclotron frequency(w_(ci))are observed in the separatrix of magnetic null,which are identified as the IBW based on the dispersion relation.Further analysis shows that IBW could drive substantial particle flux across the magnetic separatrix.The theoretical radial particle flux driven by IBW and the measured parallel flow in PPT device are almost on the same order,which shows that IBW may play an important role during 3D reconnection process.

Accurate prediction of the critical heat flux for pool boiling on the heater substrate

While the influence of liquid qualities,surface morphology,and operating circumstances on critical heat flux(CHF)in pool boiling has been extensively studied,the effect of the heater substrate has not.Based on the force balance analysis,a theoretical model has been developed to accurately predict the CHF in pool boiling on a heater substrate.An analytical expression for the CHF of a heater substrate is obtained in terms of the surface thermophysical property.It is indicated that the ratio of thermal conductivity(k)to the product of density(ρ)and specific heat(cp)is an essential substrate property that influences the CHF.By modifying the well-known force-balance-based CHF model(Kandlikar model),the thermal characteristics of the substrate are taken into consideration.The bias of predicted CHF values are within 5%compared with the experimental results.

基于差异硫酸化率的脂肪醇醚硫酸盐制备

以常规脂肪醇醚(AEO)和三氧化硫为原料,在降膜式磺化器中进行硫酸化反应,得到了不同硫酸化程度的脂肪醇醚硫酸盐(AES)产品。经测定阴离子活性物、游离油及无机酸含量,结合游离油的羟值与气质分析确定了产品中的组分及其随硫酸化率的变化,并通过顶空气相法分析了不同硫酸化率下产品中二噁烷的含量变化。结果表明:低氧乙烯基团加合数的AEO倾向于优先发生硫酸化反应;十二醇及十二烷基AEO相比十四醇及十四烷基AEO更易发生硫酸化反应;控制差异硫酸化率,可以调整氧乙烯基团的平均加合数,调控AEO的氧乙烯基团分布,实现AEO的窄分布;二噁烷含量随着硫酸化率的升高而升高。

Effects of magnetic field on electron power absorption in helicon fluid simulation

In this study,a code,named Peking University Helicon Discharge(PHD),which can simulate helicon discharge processes under both a background magnetic field greater than 500 G and a pressure less than 1 Pa,is developed.In the code,two fluid equations are used.The PHD simulations led to two important findings:(1)the temporal evolution of plasma density with the background magnetic field exhibits a second rapid increase(termed as the second density jump),similar to the transition of modes in helicon plasmas;(2)in the presence of a magnetic field,the peak positions of electron power absorption appeared near the central axis,unlike in the case of no magnetic field.These results may lead to an enhanced understanding of the discharge mechanism.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for jet fuel precursors:A review

Climate change is an important issue facing the world today and carbon reduction has become the fo-cus of attention for all countries.Alternative bio-fuels are an important means to achieve carbon emis-sion reduction.The production of jet fuel precursors from biomass by hydrothermal liquefaction(HTL)has received a lot of attention due to its mild conditions and environmental friendliness.Lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass are considered as the second and the third generation biomasses as promising raw materials for alternative fuel preparation.Among them,lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively studied due to its wide range of sources and can be divided into one-step HTL and stepwise HTL accord-ing to the process method.Algal biomass has been extensively studied experimentally due to its short growth cycle and the fact that it can sequester large amounts of carbon without taking up arable land.In this paper,the feedstock composition of different biomasses is reviewed for the HTL of biomass.A detailed review of the process characteristics,reaction pathways and influencing factors for the HTL pro-duction of jet fuel precursors from lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass is also presented.Theoretical references are provided for further process optimization and bio-crude quality upgrading.

A synthetic light-inducible photorespiratory bypass enhances photosynthesis to improve rice growth and grain yield

Bioengineering of photorespiratory bypasses is an effective strategy for improving plant productivity by modulating photosynthesis.In previouswork,two photorespiratory bypasses,theGOC andGCGT bypasses,increased photosynthetic rates but decreased seed-setting rate in rice(Oryza sativa),probably owing to excess photosynthate accumulation in the stem.To solve this bottleneck,we successfully developed a newsynthetic photorespiratory bypass(called theGMAbypass)in rice chloroplasts by introducing Oryza sativa glycolate oxidase 1(OsGLO1),Cucurbita maxima malate synthase(CmMS),and Oryza sativa ascorbate peroxidase7(OsAPX7)into the rice genome using a high-efficiency transgene stacking system.Unlike the GOC and GCGT bypass genes driven by constitutive promoters,OsGLO1 in GMA plants was driven by a light-inducible Rubisco small subunit promoter(pRbcS);its expression dynamically changed in response to light,producing a more moderate increase in photosynthate.Photosynthetic rates were significantly increased inGMA plants,and grain yieldswere significantly improved under greenhouse and field conditions.Transgenic GMA rice showed no reduction in seed-setting rate under either test condition,unlike previous photorespiratory-bypass rice,probably reflecting proper modulation of the photorespiratory bypass.Together,these results imply that appropriate engineering of the GMA bypass can enhance rice growth and grain yield without affecting seed-setting rate.

Thermal stability enhancement and prediction by ANN model

Supersonic aircraft requires thermal endurance of aviation fuel in the process of cooling engine and aircraft. As the composition of petroleum-based jet fuel (RP-3) is confined by crude oil and refining process, sustainable alternative jet fuel with green house gas reduction become to undertake the composition optimization for improving thermal stability. For designing aviation fuel with robust thermal stability and the detail understanding of thermal stability mechanism, RP-3, Fischer–Tropsch fuel, and additives with cyclic structure for absorbing free radical, were investigated thermal stability by modifying different blend ratios under different conditions. Thermal endurance degree was assessed by chroma and deposition tendency. FT blend with cyclic hydrocarbon can improve thermal endurance degree. In compliance with individual optimized blend ratio, the contribution follows methyl cyclopentane > decalin > methyl cyclohexane > tetralin > n-propyl-benzene > 1,2,4 trimethyl-benzene. The appropriate blend ratio could undertake hydrogen donors for terminating the propagation of oxygen-carrying radical, but hydrocarbons with cyclic structure could enhance deposition tendency. Methyl cyclopentane and its oxidation derivatives take the roles of solvent by anti-polymerization and hydrogen donor by opening cyclic structure in the thermal endurance process, and thus lead to a wide range of blend ratio for improving significantly thermal stability. β-scission leading to C–C bond cleavage is the major reaction at the early decomposition stage, which resulted in most abundant derivatives plus C2. The effects of additives on thermal stability are complex and nonlinear on the tendency of thermal deposits and thermal endurance degree, and thus the appropriate ANN-thermal stability model has been trained based on the experiment data and can achieve above 0.995 correlation coefficient. ANN - thermal stability model can predict not only the content of derivatives including ester, olefin, alcohol, ketone, cyclic oxide, aromatics but also the degree of thermal endurance.

Variations of energy metabolism and adenosine Triphosphatase activity in gastric mucosa in chronic atrophic gastritis rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and effect of Zhiweifangbian capsule

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Zhiweifangbian (ZWFB) capsule on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities in gastric mucosa of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. METHODS: Totally 90 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal group (n=10) and modelgroup (n=80). The CAG rat model of Qi deficiency and blood stasis type was induced by synthetic methods. After modeling for 12 weeks and the successful CAG model was determined, the CAG model rats were divided by random number table into model group (MG), ZWFB high-dose group (ZWFBH), ZWFB middle-dose group (ZWFBM), ZWFB low-dose group (ZWFBL) and Weimeisu group (WM), 9 rats in each group. The rats in the normal and model groups were intragastrically administrated with distilled water, 10 mL/kg every day; the ZWFB high-dose group with ZWFB, 0.6 g/ kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB middle-dose group with ZWFB, 0.3 g/kg -1 · d -1 ; the ZWFB low-dose group with ZWFB, 0.15 g/kg -1 · d -1 , and the WM group with suspension of WM , 0.25 g/kg -1 · d -1 . The treatment was given for 90 consecutive days. Then general survival states were observed and the activities of LDH, SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase in gastric mucosa tissue were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, activity of LDH in the gastric mucosa (P<0.05) and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly decreased in the normal group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group the activity of LDH decreased and activities of SDH, Na + -K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -ATPase significantly increased in the high dose ZWFB group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ZWFB capsule can promote energy metabolism and ATPase activity in the gastric mucosa cell, so as to protect the function of the gastric mucosa cell.

Treatment for HIV prevention study in southwestern areas of China

Background:China has ambitious to achieve significant reductions in HIV transmission and HIV-related mortality by adopting the World Health Organization's“Treat All”approach.Such a prevention strategy is needed future study on regional scale.Methods:An observational cohort study of HIV epidemiology and treatment databases was used to study the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy on the transmission of HIV in serodiscordant couples in Guangxi of China.Results:A total of 7713 couples were entered into the cohort study analysis which included 1885 couples in the treatment-naive cohort and 5828 couples in the treated cohort.During the follow-up of 18985.29 person-years from 2003 to 2014,the average incidence of HIV was 2.4 per 100 person-years(95%CI 2.1e2.6).HIV seroincidence rate was significantly higher among the treatment naive group(4.2 per 100 person-years,3.7e4.8)compared with the on treatment group(1.6 per 100 person-years,1.3e1.8).An overall 45%reduction in risk of HIV transmission among serodiscordant couple was associated with ART treatment(adjusted Hazard Ratio[HR]0.55,95%Confidence Interval[CI]0.44e0.69).Treatment prevention had significantly effectiveness for most baseline characteristics of index partners,such as for male,female,age above 25 years,education below high school,farmer,infected by heterosexual intercourse.Conclusion:Treatment-as-prevention can be implemented in the real-world on a national or regional scale,but ART adherence and comprehensive harm reduction while implementing this strategy require further study.

The current status of community mental health services in three northern areas of China

Objective:This study investigated and discussed the current status of community mental health service in three northern areas of China(Beijing,Harbin,and Karamay)in an effort to improve the community mental health services in China.Methods:In this study 176 residents from communities of the three northern areas of China were involved and divided into 18 groups.The study was conducted according to a self-prepared structured interview outline.Results:The analysis was conducted based on the following four perspectives:1.commu-nity residents’understanding of the mental health problems and how they treated psychiatric patients;2.community residents’access to and application of mental health information;3.com-munity residents’attitude to accept mental health services and the factors influencing community residents to seek help from mental health services;and 4.community residents’attitude and will-ingness to participate in the activities of community mental health services.Conclusion:Based on the investigation and analysis regarding the current status of the com-munity mental health services in three northern areas of China,it is concluded that the residents do not have s clear and complete understanding of mental health.The characteristics of mental health services had a regional correlation.Currently,the mental health services do not work effectively,and the residents are somewhat passive in obtaining information about mental health.Community mental health services should be offered according to different individual needs of the residents and the actual situations of each region.

The balance of contradictory factors in the selection of biodiesel and jet biofuels on algae fixation of flue gas

The purpose would discover the impacts of the contradictory factors in application of algae in CO_(2) sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit. Based on LCA approach, the quantitively AI assessment model and approach have been established coupling upstream CO_(2) source and downstream algal product at the uniform algae level of Nannochloropsis oceanica, which would benefit for algae biofuel deliverables choice. The AI model investigated the effects of interaction factors on the energy consumption, including transportation distances with purification modes coupling with CO_(2) concentration in flue gas, lipid content with specific productivity coupling the nutrient supply, refining process with final products. Computational framework of AI model is classified into three submodels, including CO_(2) capture and purification model, algae cultivation and harvesting model, refining process and biofuel product model. According to uncertainty analysis by AI model, the positive energy gains have been conducted at a wide range of lipid contents despite of jet biofuel or biodiesel coupling solar energy utilization and by-product of bioactive nutrients effects. Biodieselwet and HTL-HRJ jet biofuel performed the priorities in energy consumption in three pathways of jet biofuel and three pathways of biodiesels. The allocation analysis confirmed that algae biofuel will be promising in the direction of cultivating appropriate algae for the target biofuel product requirement and enhancing by-product recovery. The results would enhance the interests in both LCA and CO_(2) sequestration with sustainable biofuel benefit.