High-performance lithium ion batteries(LIBs) require electrode material to have an ideal electrode construction which provides fast ion transport, short solid-state ion diffusion, large surface area, and high electric...High-performance lithium ion batteries(LIBs) require electrode material to have an ideal electrode construction which provides fast ion transport, short solid-state ion diffusion, large surface area, and high electric conductivity. Herein, highly porous three-dimensional(3D)aerogels composed of cobalt ferrite(CoFe_2O_4, CFO) nanoparticles(NPs) and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are prepared using sustainable alginate as the precursor. The key feature of this work is that by using the characteristic egg-box structure of the alginate, metal cations such as Co^(2+)and Fe^(3+) can be easily chelated via an ion-exchange process, thus binary CFO are expected to be prepared. In the hybrid aerogels, CFO NPs interconnected by the CNTs are embedded in carbon aerogel matrix, forming the 3D network which can provide high surface area, buffer the volume expansion and offer efficient ion and electron transport pathways for achieving high performance LIBs. The as-prepared hybrid aerogels with the optimum CNT content(20 wt%) delivers excellent electrochemical properties, i.e., reversible capacity of 1033 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1) and a high specific capacity of 874 mAh g^(-1) after 160 cycles at 1 A g^(-1). This work provides a facile and low cost route to fabricate high performance anodes for LIBs.展开更多
The important agronomic traits of seed size and seed oil content in oilseed rape were af-fected by maternal effect. The maternal tissue endosperm, generated by fertilization of the diploid central cell in the female ...The important agronomic traits of seed size and seed oil content in oilseed rape were af-fected by maternal effect. The maternal tissue endosperm, generated by fertilization of the diploid central cell in the female gametophyte, is essential for embryo and seed development. Imprinting is primarily re-stricted to the endosperm of flowering plants and is associated with differential DNA methylation of paren-tal alleles. Therefore, it is necessary to find out whether the endosperm influences these traits. If so, whether DNA methylation participated in these processes？ To answer these questions, isolation of pure liquid endosperm qualified for extraction genomic DNA and RNA was the prerequisite. However, it was not easy to conduct this isolation due to endosperm is encapsulated by tiny seed coat and it adjoins to de-veloping embryo. This research adopted a procedure for isolation pure lipid endosperm from 25DAF （days after flowering） ovules of Brassica napus and improved procedure for subsequent DNA extraction. With the optimized procedures, we successfully extracted genomic DNA of liquid endosperm from 500 mg o-vules with high concentration （ ≥2. 5μg/μl, 200μl） and high purity, which were proved by the subse-quent analysis.展开更多
High-speed high-resolution imaging of the whole-brain hemodynamics is critically important to facilitating neurovascular research.High imaging speed and image quality are crucial to visualizing real-time hemodynamics ...High-speed high-resolution imaging of the whole-brain hemodynamics is critically important to facilitating neurovascular research.High imaging speed and image quality are crucial to visualizing real-time hemodynamics in complex brain vascular networks,and tracking fast pathophysiological activities at the microvessel level,which will enable advances in current queries in neurovascular and brain metabolism research,including stroke,dementia,and acute brain injury.Further,real-time imaging of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin(sO_(2))can capture fast-paced oxygen delivery dynamics,which is needed to solve pertinent questions in these fields and beyond.Here,we present a novel ultrafast functional photoacoustic microscopy(UFF-PAM)to image the whole-brain hemodynamics and oxygenation.UFF-PAM takes advantage of several key engineering innovations,including stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)based dual-wavelength laser excitation,water-immersible 12-facet-polygon scanner,high-sensitivity ultrasound transducer,and deep-learning-based image upsampling.A volumetric imaging rate of 2 Hz has been achieved over a field of view(FOV)of 11×7.5×1.5 mm^(3) with a high spatial resolution of~10 μm.Using the UFF-PAM system,we have demonstrated proof-of-concept studies on the mouse brains in response to systemic hypoxia,sodium nitroprusside,and stroke.We observed the mouse brain's fast morphological and functional changes over the entire cortex,including vasoconstriction,vasodilation,and deoxygenation.More interestingly,for the first time,with the whole-brain FOV and micro-vessel resolution,we captured the vasoconstriction and hypoxia simultaneously in the spreading depolarization(SD)wave.We expect the new imaging technology will provide a great potential for fundamental brain research under various pathological and physiological conditions.展开更多
Water is a major limiting factor for food production and many countries fail to produce sufficient food for their population due to severe water scarcity （Jury and Vaux, 2005）. Rice is the main staple food worldwide...Water is a major limiting factor for food production and many countries fail to produce sufficient food for their population due to severe water scarcity （Jury and Vaux, 2005）. Rice is the main staple food worldwide. More than 50% of rice in the world is rain-fed and drought causes severe reduction in rice grain yield in rain-fed environments （Venuprasad et al., 2007; Zhang, 2007; Sandhu et al., 2014）. Therefore, enhancing drought resistance （DR） of rice is important for food security. However, DR is a complex trait, which is controlled by a large number of loci with small effect and is also affected by different genetic background, genotype-by-environment interaction and other stresses such as heat （Hu and Xiong, 2014）.展开更多
Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies ex...Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies explored the influence of chronic HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and many of them reached contradictory conclusions,possibly limited by inadequate sequencing depth and throughput.To better understand how HIV-1 infection would impact humoral immune system,in this study,we systematically analyzed the differences between the IgM(HIV-IgM)and IgG(HIV-IgG)heavy chain repertoires of HIV-1 infected patients,as well as between antibody repertoires of HIV-1 patients and healthy donors(HH).Notably,the public unique clones accounted for only a negligible proportion between the HIV-IgM and HIV-IgG repertoires libraries,and the diversity of unique clones in HIV-IgG remarkably reduced.In aspect of somatic mutation rates of CDR1 and CDR2,the HIV-IgG repertoire was higher than HIV-IgM.Besides,the average length of CDR3 region in HIV-IgM was significant longer than that in the HH repertoire,presumably caused by the great number of novel VDJ rearrangement patterns,especially a massive use of IGHJ6.Moreover,some of the B cell clonotypes had numerous clones,and somatic variants were detected within the clonotype lineage in HIV-IgG,indicating HIV-1 neutralizing activities.The in-depth characterization of HIV-IgG and HIV-IgM repertoires enriches our knowledge in the profound effect of HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and may have practical value for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0904400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81822027,81630090,and 81902108)。
文摘延长基于蛋白质治疗药物的半衰期可以提高药物疗效。然而,基因治疗本质上是长期表达所需的治疗性药物,药物半衰期对基因治疗疗效的影响尚不清楚。在这项腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)基因治疗研究中,通过与免疫球蛋白G1(immunoglobulin G 1,IgG1)可溶性单体Fc区(soluble monomeric IgG1 fragment crystallizable,sFc)或Fc区融合,设计了几种能够延长半衰期的蛋白质。研究表明,延长AAV递送的小分子双功能蛋白和成纤维细胞生长因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,FGF21)的半衰期显著增加了它们在血液循环中的浓度。此外,AAV递送FGF21延长其半衰期使2型糖尿病动物模型中肝损伤和血糖显著降低,并改善了葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素敏感性。这些结果证明了延长药物半衰期的基因治疗在应对人类疾病中的治疗潜力。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51473081 and 51503109)Research award fund for outstanding young scientists in Shandong province (Grant no. BS2014CL006)Qingdao Applied Basic Research Project(16-5-1-85-jch)
文摘High-performance lithium ion batteries(LIBs) require electrode material to have an ideal electrode construction which provides fast ion transport, short solid-state ion diffusion, large surface area, and high electric conductivity. Herein, highly porous three-dimensional(3D)aerogels composed of cobalt ferrite(CoFe_2O_4, CFO) nanoparticles(NPs) and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are prepared using sustainable alginate as the precursor. The key feature of this work is that by using the characteristic egg-box structure of the alginate, metal cations such as Co^(2+)and Fe^(3+) can be easily chelated via an ion-exchange process, thus binary CFO are expected to be prepared. In the hybrid aerogels, CFO NPs interconnected by the CNTs are embedded in carbon aerogel matrix, forming the 3D network which can provide high surface area, buffer the volume expansion and offer efficient ion and electron transport pathways for achieving high performance LIBs. The as-prepared hybrid aerogels with the optimum CNT content(20 wt%) delivers excellent electrochemical properties, i.e., reversible capacity of 1033 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1) and a high specific capacity of 874 mAh g^(-1) after 160 cycles at 1 A g^(-1). This work provides a facile and low cost route to fabricate high performance anodes for LIBs.
文摘The important agronomic traits of seed size and seed oil content in oilseed rape were af-fected by maternal effect. The maternal tissue endosperm, generated by fertilization of the diploid central cell in the female gametophyte, is essential for embryo and seed development. Imprinting is primarily re-stricted to the endosperm of flowering plants and is associated with differential DNA methylation of paren-tal alleles. Therefore, it is necessary to find out whether the endosperm influences these traits. If so, whether DNA methylation participated in these processes？ To answer these questions, isolation of pure liquid endosperm qualified for extraction genomic DNA and RNA was the prerequisite. However, it was not easy to conduct this isolation due to endosperm is encapsulated by tiny seed coat and it adjoins to de-veloping embryo. This research adopted a procedure for isolation pure lipid endosperm from 25DAF （days after flowering） ovules of Brassica napus and improved procedure for subsequent DNA extraction. With the optimized procedures, we successfully extracted genomic DNA of liquid endosperm from 500 mg o-vules with high concentration （ ≥2. 5μg/μl, 200μl） and high purity, which were proved by the subse-quent analysis.
基金This work was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health(R01 EB028143,RO1 NS111039,RF1 NS115581,R21 EB027304,R21EB027981,R43 CA243822,R43 CA239830,R44 HL138185)American Heart Association Collaborative Sciences Award(18CSA34080277)Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Grant on Deep Tissue Imaging 2020-226178 by Silicon Valley Community Foundation.
文摘High-speed high-resolution imaging of the whole-brain hemodynamics is critically important to facilitating neurovascular research.High imaging speed and image quality are crucial to visualizing real-time hemodynamics in complex brain vascular networks,and tracking fast pathophysiological activities at the microvessel level,which will enable advances in current queries in neurovascular and brain metabolism research,including stroke,dementia,and acute brain injury.Further,real-time imaging of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin(sO_(2))can capture fast-paced oxygen delivery dynamics,which is needed to solve pertinent questions in these fields and beyond.Here,we present a novel ultrafast functional photoacoustic microscopy(UFF-PAM)to image the whole-brain hemodynamics and oxygenation.UFF-PAM takes advantage of several key engineering innovations,including stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)based dual-wavelength laser excitation,water-immersible 12-facet-polygon scanner,high-sensitivity ultrasound transducer,and deep-learning-based image upsampling.A volumetric imaging rate of 2 Hz has been achieved over a field of view(FOV)of 11×7.5×1.5 mm^(3) with a high spatial resolution of~10 μm.Using the UFF-PAM system,we have demonstrated proof-of-concept studies on the mouse brains in response to systemic hypoxia,sodium nitroprusside,and stroke.We observed the mouse brain's fast morphological and functional changes over the entire cortex,including vasoconstriction,vasodilation,and deoxygenation.More interestingly,for the first time,with the whole-brain FOV and micro-vessel resolution,we captured the vasoconstriction and hypoxia simultaneously in the spreading depolarization(SD)wave.We expect the new imaging technology will provide a great potential for fundamental brain research under various pathological and physiological conditions.
基金supported by grants from the National Program for Basic Research of China(No.2012CB114305)the National Program on High Technology Development(No. 2012AA10A303)the Oversea Graduate Program from Ministry of Education to K.Songyikhangsuthor
文摘Water is a major limiting factor for food production and many countries fail to produce sufficient food for their population due to severe water scarcity （Jury and Vaux, 2005）. Rice is the main staple food worldwide. More than 50% of rice in the world is rain-fed and drought causes severe reduction in rice grain yield in rain-fed environments （Venuprasad et al., 2007; Zhang, 2007; Sandhu et al., 2014）. Therefore, enhancing drought resistance （DR） of rice is important for food security. However, DR is a complex trait, which is controlled by a large number of loci with small effect and is also affected by different genetic background, genotype-by-environment interaction and other stresses such as heat （Hu and Xiong, 2014）.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFA0904400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81822027,81630090,81902108)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20DZ2254600,20DZ2261200)。
文摘Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies explored the influence of chronic HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and many of them reached contradictory conclusions,possibly limited by inadequate sequencing depth and throughput.To better understand how HIV-1 infection would impact humoral immune system,in this study,we systematically analyzed the differences between the IgM(HIV-IgM)and IgG(HIV-IgG)heavy chain repertoires of HIV-1 infected patients,as well as between antibody repertoires of HIV-1 patients and healthy donors(HH).Notably,the public unique clones accounted for only a negligible proportion between the HIV-IgM and HIV-IgG repertoires libraries,and the diversity of unique clones in HIV-IgG remarkably reduced.In aspect of somatic mutation rates of CDR1 and CDR2,the HIV-IgG repertoire was higher than HIV-IgM.Besides,the average length of CDR3 region in HIV-IgM was significant longer than that in the HH repertoire,presumably caused by the great number of novel VDJ rearrangement patterns,especially a massive use of IGHJ6.Moreover,some of the B cell clonotypes had numerous clones,and somatic variants were detected within the clonotype lineage in HIV-IgG,indicating HIV-1 neutralizing activities.The in-depth characterization of HIV-IgG and HIV-IgM repertoires enriches our knowledge in the profound effect of HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and may have practical value for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies.
