Self-consistent and precise measurement of time-dependent radiative albedo of gold based on specially symmetrical triple-cavity Hohlraum

A self-consistent and precise method to determine the time-dependent radiative albedo,i.e.,the ratio of the reemission flux to the incident flux,for an indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion Hohlraum wall material is proposed.A specially designed symmetrical triple-cavity gold Hohlraum is used to create approximately constant and near-equilibrium uniform radiation with a peak temperature of 160 eV.The incident flux at the secondary cavity waist is obtained from flux balance analysis and from the shock velocity of a standard sample.The results agree well owing to the symmetrical radiation in the secondary cavity.A self-consistent and precise time-dependent radiative albedo is deduced from the reliable reemission flux and the incident flux,and the result from the shock velocity is found to have a smaller uncertainty than that from the multi-angle flux balance analysis,and also to agree well with the result of a simulation using the HYADES opacity.

High rumen degradable starch decreased goat milk fat via trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid-mediated downregulation of lipogenesis genes,particularly,INSIG1

Background:Starch is an important substance that supplies energy to ruminants.To provide sufficient energy for high-yielding dairy ruminants,they are typically fed starch-enriched diets.However,starch-enriched diets have been proven to increase the risk of milk fat depression(MFD)in dairy cows.The starch present in ruminant diets could be divided into rumen-degradable starch(RDS)and rumen escaped starch(RES)according to their different degradation sites(rumen or intestine).Goats and cows have different sensitivities to MFD.Data regarding the potential roles of RDS in milk fat synthesis in the mammary tissue of dairy goats and in regulating the occurrence of MFD are limited.Results:Eighteen Guanzhong dairy goats(day in milk=185±12 d)with similar parity,weight,and milk yield were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups(n=6),which were fed an LRDS diet(Low RDS=20.52%),MRDS diet(Medium RDS=22.15%),or HRDS diet(High RDS=24.88%)for 5 weeks.Compared with that of the LRDS group,the milk fat contents in the MRDS and HRDS groups significantly decreased.The yields of short-,mediumand long-chain fatty acids decreased in the HRDS group.Furthermore,increased RDS significantly decreased ruminal B.fibrisolvens and Pseudobutyrivibrio abundances and increased the trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid(CLA)and trans-10 C18:1 contents in the rumen fluid.A multiomics study revealed that the HRDS diet affected mammary lipid metabolism down-regulation of ACSS2,MVD,AGPS,SCD5,FADS2,CERCAM,SC5D,HSD17B7,HSD17B12,ATM,TP53RK,GDF1 and LOC102177400.Remarkably,the significant decrease of INSIG1,whose expression was depressed by trans-10,cis-12 CLA,could reduce the activity of SREBP and,consequently,downregulate the downstream gene expression of SREBF1.Conclusions:HRDS-induced goat MFD resulted from the downregulation of genes involved in lipogenesis,particularly,INSIG1.Specifically,even though the total starch content and the concentrate-to-fiber ratio were the same as those of the high-RDS diet,the low and medium RDS diets did not cause MFD in lactating goats.

Progress in octahedral spherical hohlraum study

In this paper,we give a review of our theoretical and experimental progress in octahedral spherical hohlraum study.From our theoretical study,the octahedral spherical hohlraums with 6 Laser Entrance Holes(LEHs)of octahedral symmetry have robust high symmetry during the capsule implosion at hohlraum-to-capsule radius ratio larger than 3.7.In addition,the octahedral spherical hohlraums also have potential superiority on low backscattering without supplementary technology.We studied the laser arrangement and constraints of the octahedral spherical hohlraums,and gave a design on the laser arrangement for ignition octahedral hohlraums.As a result,the injection angle of laser beams of 50°-60°was proposed as the optimum candidate range for the octahedral spherical hohlraums.We proposed a novel octahedral spherical hohlraum with cylindrical LEHs and LEH shields,in order to increase the laser coupling efficiency and improve the capsule symmetry and to mitigate the influence of the wall blowoff on laser transport.We studied on the sensitivity of the octahedral spherical hohlraums to random errors and compared the sensitivity among the octahedral spherical hohlraums,the rugby hohlraums and the cylindrical hohlraums,and the results show that the octahedral spherical hohlraums are robust to these random errors while the cylindrical hohlraums are the most sensitive.Up till to now,we have carried out three experiments on the spherical hohlraum with 2 LEHs on Shenguang(SG)laser facilities,including demonstration of improving laser transport by using the cylindrical LEHs in the spherical hohlraums,spherical hohlraum energetics on the SGIII prototype laser facility,and comparisons of laser plasma instabilities between the spherical hohlraums and the cylindrical hohlraums on the SGIII laser facility.

Generation of purple-violet chrysanthemums via anthocyanin B-ring hydroxylation and glucosylation introduced from Osteospermum hybrid F3'5'H and Clitoria ternatea A3'5'GT

Chrysanthemums possess no metabolic pathway to synthesize delphinidin because of the lack of endogenous F3'5'H gene encoding the key enzyme in its biosynthetic pathway;therefore,there are no blue or blue-purple chrysanthemums occurring naturally.Currently,the introduction of exogenous F3'5'H into chrysanthemums is an efficient method for breeding bluish chrysanthemums.In this study,we explored the effects of the introduction of mutant CmF3'H(generated via site-directed mutagenesis,T485S,CmF3'Hm)and exogenous Osteospermum hybrid F3'5'H(OhF3'5'H)genes combined with Clitoria ternatea A3'5'GT(CtA3'5'GT)on delphinidin synthesis in chrysanthemum.Among the F3'5'H transgenic lines,those overexpressing endogenous CmF3'Hm could not generate blue flower color,although red color was changed to light pink due to CtA3'5'GT function.Meanwhile,OhF3'5'H introduction promoted the accumulation of delphinidin and its derivatives in chrysanthemum,changing the flower color from red-purple to purple-violet.These results indicate the applicability of exogenous OhF3'5'H and CtA3'5'GT transformation for promoting delphinidin synthesis during the molecular breeding of violet/blue chrysanthemums.

Modeling Fast Diffusion Processes in Time Integration of Stiff Stochastic Differential Equations

Numerical algorithms for stiff stochastic differential equations are developed using lin-ear approximations of the fast diffusion processes,under the assumption of decoupling between fast and slow processes.Three numerical schemes are proposed,all of which are based on the linearized formulation albeit with different degrees of approximation.The schemes are of comparable complexity to the classical explicit Euler-Maruyama scheme but can achieve better accuracy at larger time steps in stiff systems.Convergence analysis is conducted for one of the schemes,that shows it to have a strong convergence order of 1/2 and a weak convergence order of 1.Approximations arriving at the other two schemes are discussed.Numerical experiments are carried out to examine the convergence of the schemes proposed on model problems.

High rumen degradable starch diet induced blood bile acids profile changes and hepatic inflammatory response in dairy goats

The objective of this study was to reveal the effect of rumen degradable starch(RDS)on bile acid metabolism and liver transcription in dairy goats using metabolomics and transcriptomics.Eighteen Guanzhong dairy goats of a similar weight and production level(body weight=45.8±1.54 kg,milk yield=1.75±0.08 kg,and second parity)were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups where they were fed a low RDS(LRDS,RDS=20.52%DM)diet,medium RDS(MRDS,RDS=22.15%DM)diet,or high RDS(HRDS,RDS=24.88%DM)diet,respectively.The goats were fed with the experimental diets for 5weeks.On the last day of the experiment,all goats were anesthetized,and peripheral blood and liver tissue samples were collected.The peripheral blood samples were used in metabolomic analysis and white blood cell(WBC)count,whereas the liver tissue samples were used in transcriptomic analysis.Based on the metabolomics results,the relative abundances of primary bile acids in the peripheral blood were significantly reduced in the group that was fed the HRDS diet(P<0.05).The WBC count was significantly increased in the HRDS group compared with that in the LRDS and MRDS groups(P<0.01),indicating that there was inflammation in the HRDS group.Transcriptomic analysis showed that 4 genes related to bile acid secretion(genes:MDR1,RXRa,AE2,SULT2A1)were significantly downregulated in the HRDS group.In addition,genes related to the immune response were upregulated in the HRDS group,suggesting the HRDS diet induced a hepatic inflammatory response mediated by lipopolysaccharides(LPS)(gene:LBP),activated the Toll-like receptor 4 binding(genes:S100A8,S100A9)and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway(genes:LOC106503980,LOC108638497,CD40,LOC102180880,LOC102170970,LOC102175177,LBP,LOC102168903,LOC102185461,LY96 and CXCL8),triggered inflammation and complement responses(genes:C1QB,C1QC,and CFD).The HRDS diet induced a hepatic inflammatory response may be mediated by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 binding and NF-kappa B signaling pathway after free LPS entered the liver.The changes of bile acids profile in blood and the downregulation of 4 key genes(MDR1,RXRa,AE2,SULT2A1)involved in bile secretion in liver are probably related to liver inflammation.

An Implicit Algorithm of Solving Nonlinear Filtering Problems

Nonlinear filter problems arise in many applications such as communications and signal processing.Commonly used numerical simulation methods include Kalman filter method,particle filter method,etc.In this paper a novel numerical algorithm is constructed based on samples of the current state obtained by solving the state equation implicitly.Numerical experiments demonstrate that our algorithm is more accurate than the Kalman filter and more stable than the particle filter.