Adverse childhood experiences from family and society contribute to increased risk of depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment:a cross-sectional study

Background Family environments can shape children’s personalities and social networks,rendering distinguishing adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)from family and society essential,but related evidence remains limited.Aims This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the correlations between intrafamilial and social ACEs,their associations with depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment and the(education-moderated)mediating role of social ACEs.Methods Data for this cross-sectional study were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Nine intrafamilial(0,1,2,3,and 4 or more)and three social(0,1,and 2 or more)ACEs were identified.Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.Global cognition,including episodic memory and mental intactness,was calculated as z scores.Binary and ordered logistic regressions,generalised linear models with Gaussian family and identity link,and mediation analysis were used.Results 13435 participants aged 59.0(51.0–66.0)were included.Compared with participants with no intrafamilial ACEs,those with 1,2,3,and 4 or more intrafamilial ACEs tended to develop more social ACEs,with odds ratios(ORs)of 1.55(95%confidence interval(CI):1.36 to 1.76),2.36(95%CI:2.08 to 2.68),3.46(95%CI:3.02 to 3.96)and 6.10(95%CI:5.30 to 7.02),respectively.Both intrafamilial and social ACEs were associated with depressive symptoms(OR>3 for four or more intrafamilial ACEs and two or more social ACEs)and global cognition(β=−0.26 for four or more intrafamilial ACEs andβ=−0.29 for two or more social ACEs).Social ACEs mediated the associations of intrafamilial ACEs with depressive symptoms and global cognition by 12.3%and 13.1%,respectively.Furthermore,as education levels increased,the impact of intrafamilial ACEs on depressive symptoms was increasingly mediated through social ACEs,while the mediating role of social ACEs between intrafamilial ACEs and cognitive impairment gradually diminished.Conclusions Improving children’s social environments and elevating general education can prevent later-life depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment attributed to ACEs in China.

中国女性的“幸福悖论”——时间分配视角下家庭工作平衡对女性幸福感的影响研究

当代中国女性不仅承担着照顾家庭的责任,也在追求个人事业的发展。家庭工作两不误成为当代女性的理想典范,也是许多中国女性渴望实现的目标。然而,兼顾家庭和工作究竟给女性带来了双重收获,还是双重负担?本文基于时间分配视角,结合一项情境实验和两项全国性的二手数据,揭示了中国女性所面临的“幸福悖论”:在社会认知上,人们普遍相信家庭工作平衡理应促进女性幸福感,女性自身也持此认知;但从女性的实际体验来看,女性在时间分配决策上采取平衡策略反而会降低其幸福感。本文研究发现为更好地理解当代中国女性所面临的困局,以及尝试为解决上述困局、提高女性幸福感提供了有益参考。

Effect modifications of BMI transition and trajectory in the associations of adverse childhood experiences with new-onset dementia and its subtypes in older US adults

Background Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)and dementia are associated and comorbid with obesity.However,according to emerging research,the role of obesity in the association between ACEs and dementia seems controversial.Aims This analysis aimed to explore the associations between ACEs and different dementia subtypes and the effect modification of long-term body mass index(BMI).Methods Data were obtained from the US Health and Retirement Study.Six ACEs were categorised as 0,1 and 2 or more.All-cause dementia,Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and other dementias were defined by self-reported or proxy-reported physician diagnosis.Cox proportional hazards regression was used to explore the associations of ACEs with new-onset all-cause dementia,AD and other dementias from 2010 to 2020.Effect modification of BMI in 2010 and BMI transition and trajectory(fitted by group-based trajectory modelling)from 2004 to 2010 were assessed.Results 15282 participants with a mean age of 67.0 years(58.0–75.0)were included in the 2010 data analysis.Significant interactions of ACEs with baseline BMI,BMI transition and BMI trajectory in their associations with new-onset all-cause dementia and AD were observed(all p<0.05).For instance,positive associations of two or more ACEs(vs none)with all-cause dementia and AD were found in those with a BMI trajectory of maintaining≥30 kg/m2(maintain obesity)rather than a decline to or maintaining<25 kg/m2(decline to or maintain normal weight),with hazard ratios(HRs)of 1.87(95%confidence interval(CI):1.45 to 2.42)and 1.85(95%CI:1.22 to 2.80),respectively.Conclusions ACEs were associated with dementia and AD in US adults with long-term abnormally elevated BMI but not with long-term normal or decreasing BMI.Integrated weight management throughout life could prevent dementia among those with childhood adversity.

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid prevents cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid has protective effects against ischemia and attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, rats were given scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid intragastrically at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for 7 days before focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established using the suture method. We then determined the protective effects of scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavon- oid pretreatment on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results showed that neurological deficit scores increased, infarct volumes enlarged, apoptosis increased and Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression were upregulated at 24 hours after reperfusion. Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at any dose lowered the neurological deficit scores, reduced the infarct volume, prevented apoptosis in hippocampal cells, attenuated neuronal and blood-brain barrier damage and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression but inhibited Bax protein expression. Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were the most efficacious. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with scutel- laria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid at 100 and 200 mg/kg can improve the neurological func- tions and have preventive and protective roles after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Pretreatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in hippocampal neurons

Previous experimental studies have shown that cerebral infarction can be effectively reduced following treatment with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid （SSTF）. However, the mechanism of action of SSTF as a preventive drug to treat cerebral infarction remains unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg SSTF via intragastric ad- ministration for 1 week prior to the establishment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that pretreatment with SSTF effectively improved neurological function, reduced brain water content and the permeability of blood vessels, ameliorated ischemia-induced morphology changes in hippocampal microvessels, down-regulated Fas and FasL protein expression, elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde content. In contrast to low-dose SSTF pretreatment, the above changes were most obvious after pretreatment with moderateand high-doses of SSTF. Experimental findings indicate that SSTF pretreatment can exert protective effects on the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve reducing brain water content, increasing microvascular recanalization, inhibiting the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, and attenuating free radical damage.

Polymorphisms of the maternal Slug gene in fetal neural tube defects in a Chinese population

Several studies have demonstrated that Slug,which encodes a zinc finger of the Snail family of transcription factors,is a potential risk factor for neural tube defects.Neural tube defects tend to occur with a high rate in Shanxi province,China.The present case-control study investigated genotypic distributions and allele frequencies of Slug C1548A polymorphisms in DNA samples from59 women with a history of neural tube defect pregnancies and 73 controls during the same period from Shanxi Province,China.Results demonstrated that women with a history of neural tube defect pregnancies had significantly greater genotypic distributions of Slug AA genotypes and A allele frequencies compared with controls,and A allele Slug C1548A was a risk factor for neural tube defects（odds ratio = 3.444;95% confidence interval;2.021-5.868,P 〈 0.05）.Three-dimensional structure prediction revealed that Slug C1548A resulted in transition of aspartic acid into glutamate at position 119.This indicated that these mutations could lead to damaged protein structure and function.These findings suggest that Slug C1548A gene polymorphism is closely related to neural tube defects in a population of Han Chinese origin from Shanxi Province,China

胎儿期恰逢1959～1961年饥荒的中国成人精神分裂症的发病率

背景：精神分裂症是一种常见的中度精神障碍。子宫内营养缺乏可增大患精神分裂症的危险。其主要依据来自1944～1945年荷兰饥饿冬天（Dutch Hunger Winter）研究，当时食品摄入在短期内极剧下降。这项有关饥荒期间受孕人群的大型队列研究显示，发生精神分裂症的危险增大两倍。 目的：确定经受1959～1961年大饥荒的中国人是否有相似的结果。 设计、地点及参试者：发生精神分裂症危险的调查于安徽省芜湖地区进行，这是当初受灾最重的地区之一。对饥荒之前、饥荒期间和饥荒以后出生的人群发病率进行比较。芜湖及其周围6个县是由一所精神病院负责的。对1971～2001年所有的精神病病历记录均进行检查。精神分裂症患者的临床和社会人口学资料由对自然灾害暴露情况不知情的研究者摘录。有关饥荒年出生人数和死亡人数的数据是有效可用的，累积死亡率根据以后的人口学调查进行估计。 主要观测指标：饥荒的证据已经核实，计算未校正的以及对死亡率进行校正后的发生精神分裂症的相对危险度。 结果：安徽省的出生率（每1000人）在饥荒期问降低了约80％，从1958年的28．28降至1959年的20．97、1960年的8．61和1961年的11．06。在饥荒期间出生的人，晚年发生精神分裂症的校正后危险明显增高，从1959年的0．84％增至1960年的2．15％和1961年的1．81％。死亡率校正相对危险在1960年出生者为2．30（95％可信区间，1．99～2．05），1961年出生者为1．93（95％可信区间，1．68～2．23）。 结论：我们的调查重复了荷兰不同种族人群的数据，结果显示，出生前遭受饥荒可增高晚年患精神分裂症的危险。

Brain stem global gene expression profiles in human spina bifida embryos

Environmental and genetic factors influence the occurrence of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. Specific disease expression patterns will help to elucidate the pathogenesis of disease. However, results obtained from animal models, which often exhibit organism specificity, do not fully explain the mechanisms of human spina bifida onset. In the present study, three embryos with a gestational age of approximately 17 weeks and a confirmed diagnosis of spina bifida, as well as 3 age-matched normal embryos, were obtained from abortions. Fetal brain stem tissues were dissected for RNA isolation, and microarray analyses were conducted to examine profiles of gene expression in brain stems of spina bifida and normal embryos using Affymetrix HG-U133A 2.0 GeneChip arrays. Of the 14 500 gene transcripts examined, a total of 182 genes exhibited at least 2.5-fold change in expression, including 140 upregulated and 42 downregulated genes. These genes were placed into 19 main functional categories according to the Gene Ontology Consortium database for biological functions. Of the 182 altered genes, approximately 50% were involved in cellular apoptosis, growth, adhesion, cell cycle, stress, DNA replication and repair, signal transduction, nervous system development, oxidoreduction, immune responses, and regulation of gene transcription. Gene expression in multiple biological pathways was altered in the brain stem of human spina bifida embryos.

基于标准汤剂的鹅不食草HPLC特征图谱相关性研究

目的建立基于标准汤剂的鹅不食草HPLC特征图谱检测方法, 对其药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒的相关性进行评价, 为鹅不食草配方颗粒质量标准的制定提供依据。方法采用HPLC法建立鹅不食草药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒特征图谱, 采用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统进行评价, 确定共有峰, 并通过聚类分析、主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)确定药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒的相关性, 筛选影响差异的标志性成分。结果鹅不食草药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒特征图谱与各自的对照图谱相似度较高;药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒中均呈现14个特征峰, 指认出11个特征峰;聚类分析和主成分分析结果一致, 标准汤剂与中间体、配方颗粒更为接近;OPLS-DA筛选得到6个VIP值大于1的差异性成分。结论该方法稳定、准确, 专属性强, 通过对药材、饮片、标准汤剂、中间体、配方颗粒特征图谱相关性的研究, 可为鹅不食草配方颗粒质量标准研究提供依据。

Developmental Gerontology and Active Population Aging in China

Population aging is an irreversible process in the development of modern society,which brings challenges to comprehensive modernized social governance.Population aging is a“dualistic”development issue that not only leads to aging of the labor force structure but also creates new demographic dividends.This study describes the core thoughts of developmental gerontology(DG),which provides new insight into the relationship between active aging and comprehensive governance for modernized society.The development of DG will provide a feasible and sustainable path to integrate and coordinate the relationship between population aging,society,and economy.

Trends in Mortality and Prevalence of Reported HIV/AIDS Cases——China,2002-2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?Annually,only the incidence and mortality for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)patients are officially disclosed.What is added by this report?For the first time,information detailing the reported rate,mortality rate,and prevalence rate trends of HIV,AIDS,and HIV/AIDS in China’s entire population over the past two decades has been provided.What are the implications for public health practice?Our research overcomes the longstanding limitation of HIV/AIDS analysis as the sole denominator.Rather,it incorporates a comprehensive examination of the overall population,utilizing indicators and analytic methods from chronic disease analyses.

Transitions in Chronic Disease Mortality in China:Evidence and Implications

In China,there has been a significant transition in mortality trends,shifting from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases(NCDs)over the last forty years.This shift has been primarily influenced by risk factors such as smoking,poor diet,and physical inactivity.Notably,cardiovascular diseases(CVD),cancers,chronic respiratory disorders(CRD),and diabetes have emerged as leading causes of death.Moreover,injuries,particularly road accidents and falls among older adults,also contribute significantly to the disease burden.Given the increasing aging population,there is a growing concern regarding age-related conditions and falls.To effectively address these challenges,China must prioritize chronic disease prevention throughout the lifespan and strengthen primary healthcare capabilities.

Optically controlled dielectric metasurfaces for dynamic dual-mode modulation on terahertz waves

Dynamically controlling terahertz(THz)waves with an ultracompact device is highly desired,but previously realized tunable devices are bulky in size and/or exhibit limited light-tuning functionalities.Here,we experimentally demonstrate dynamic modulation on THz waves with a dielectric metasurface in modeselective or mode-unselective manners through pumping the system at different optical wavelengths.Quasi-normal-mode theory reveals that the physics is governed by the spatial overlap between wave functions of resonant modes and regions inside resonators perturbed by pump laser excitation at different wavelengths.We further design/fabricate a dielectric metasurface and experimentally demonstrate that it can dynamically control the polarization state of incident THz waves,dictated by the strength and wavelength of the pumping light.We finally numerically demonstrate pump wavelength-controlled optical information encryption based on a carefully designed dielectric metasurface.Our studies reveal that pump light wavelength can be a new external knob to dynamically control THz waves,which may inspire many tunable metadevices with diversified functionalities.

Activities of Daily Living-Related Functional Impairment Among Population Aged 65 and Older—China,2011–2050

Summary What is already known about this topic?The elevated prevalence of functional impairment among elderly individuals in China contributes to an increased burden of care.What is added by this report?This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of trends in functional impairment related to activities of daily living(ADL)among the elderly population in China.Furthermore,it offers insights for future projections of these trends in this demographic group.What are the implications for public health practice?Addressing the care needs and functional impairment issues among the aging population in China necessitates interdepartmental collaboration.

Confronting COVID-19 and Prioritizing Aging Population

Over the past three years,China has implemented rapid,vigorous,and coordinated control measures to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)effectively.These measures include active containment,graded management,rational resource allocation,rapid contact tracing and disposal,and targeted vaccination of key populations.These efforts have contributed to the prompt and effective control of outbreaks,protecting the health and well-being of older adults.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the changes in China’s COVID-19 prevention and control experiences and other public health measures since the outbreak of the pandemic,and assesses their impact on older adults.It may serve as a valuable reference for future epidemic prevention and control efforts.

Changing Patterns of Heart Disease Mortality in Rural and Urban Areas—China,1987–2021

Heart disease(HD)is an important component of the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases(CVDs).China has the highest number of new HD cases in the world(1),posing significant health and economic burdens to society.However,its mortality trends at the national level and urban-rural differences remain unclear.This study,which identifies the age,period,and cohort effects of HD mortality trend changes,would assist the government in understanding future trends and optimizing public health policies.The HD mortality data by age,gender,and region were extracted from China’s National Health Commission’s death registration system,after quality control of ID and duplicate removal(2).The age-standardized mortality rate was calculated based on the world standard population using the direct method.Joinpoint regression was employed to determine HD mortality change patterns across time(3).The age-period-cohort model was used to estimate cohort and period effects(4).In this model,age refers to the individual’s age at a given time,period refers to the time at which the outcome is measured,and cohort refers to the group of individuals born in a particular period.This study revealed that HD mortality in China has rapidly increased over the past two decades,with men increasing faster than women and rural areas increasing faster than urban areas.

Healthy Lifestyles and Chronic Pain with New-Onset Metabolic-Related Multimorbidity among Older Adults—China,2011–2018

Summary What is already known about this topic?Chronic pain has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.Evidence shows that adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the cardiometabolic risks associated with chronic pain.What is added by this report?Results from this cohort study suggest a positive association between chronic pain and the development of new-onset metabolic-related multimorbidity,specifically metabolic multimorbidity and cardiometabolic comorbidity,within middle-aged and older Chinese adults.Furthermore,adopting healthy lifestyles can potentially mitigate or even reverse these associations.What are the implications for public health practice?The results of our study emphasize the importance of promoting healthy lifestyles among older Chinese adults as a preventative measure against the medical burdens and cardiometabolic risks associated with chronic pain.

Long-term Trends in Healthy and Unhealthy Life Expectancy Among Adults Aged 60 — A Global Perspective, 1990–2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?Traditionally,life expectancy has served as a pivotal measure for assessing population health.However,there is an increasing focus on distinguishing healthy years of life from those characterized by illness,particularly among the elderly population.What is added by this report?This study conducts an exhaustive global analysis of the trends in healthy and unhealthy life expectancy among adults aged 60 and over from 1990 to 2019.These trends are further correlated with socio-demographic indicators and health services metrics.

Changing Patterns of Injury Mortality Among the Elderly Population in Urban and Rural Areas—China,1987–2021

What is already known about this topic?Injury is a significant public health issue,particularly among the elderly population.However,the extent of this problem varies significantly based on age,gender,and geographic location.What is added by this report?This study aims to examine the changing patterns of injury mortality rates in China over a 35-year period and assess the age-period-cohort effects on mortality trends.What are the implications for public health practice?This study examines the evolving patterns of injury mortality in the elderly population and identifies potential high-risk groups.The findings offer valuable insights for informing injury prevention policies.

Changing Patterns of Mortality in Diabetes Mellitus Among Older Adults—China,1987-2021

What is already known about this topic?Diabetes mellitus poses a significant public health concern for older adults in China,resulting in increased mortality rates.What is added by this report?This study investigates the evolving pattern of mortality associated with diabetes mellitus and analyzes the contributions of age,period,and cohort effects from 1987 to 2021.The results demonstrate a consistent rise in diabetes mellitus mortality over the last 30 years,notably in rural regions.What are the implications for public health practice?This research offers valuable insights to aid policymakers in developing targeted intervention strategies that address the specific needs of higher-risk populations,such as women,older adults,and individuals in rural areas.