Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice Drift and its Relationship with Near-surface Wind and Ocean Current in Nine CMIP6 Models from China

The simulated Arctic sea ice drift and its relationship with the near-surface wind and surface ocean current during 1979-2014 in nine models from China that participated in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)are examined by comparison with observational and reanalysis datasets.Most of the models reasonably represent the Beaufort Gyre(BG)and Transpolar Drift Stream(TDS)in the spatial patterns of their long-term mean sea ice drift,while the detailed location,extent,and strength of the BG and TDS vary among the models.About two-thirds of the models agree with the observation/reanalysis in the sense that the sea ice drift pattern is consistent with the near-surface wind pattern.About the same proportion of models shows that the sea ice drift pattern is consistent with the surface ocean current pattern.In the observation/reanalysis,however,the sea ice drift pattern does not match well with the surface ocean current pattern.All nine models missed the observational widespread sea ice drift speed acceleration across the Arctic.For the Arctic basin-wide spatial average,five of the nine models overestimate the Arctic long-term(1979-2014)mean sea ice drift speed in all months.Only FGOALS-g3 captures a significant sea ice drift speed increase from 1979 to 2014 both in spring and autumn.The increases are weaker than those in the observation.This evaluation helps assess the performance of the Arctic sea ice drift simulations in these CMIP6 models from China.

Health technology assessment in traditional Chinese medicine in China: current status, opportunities, and challenges

Objectives:The widespread usage of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and the government's emphasis on TCM in China have created a positive macro-environment and great opportunities to develop and strengthen health technology assessment(HTA)in TCM.Over the past ten years,a series of policies have been issued by the government to promote the application of HTA and the development of TCM in China.This study reviews the concepts and characteristics of TCM,summarizes the current status of HTA in TCM,and analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by HTA development in TCM with respect to deepening of healthcare reforms.Methods:Literature review and website searches were used to acquire information regarding the basic theories of TCM and the current status,opportunities,and challenges for HTA in TCM.Results:The number of articles on HTA in TCM rose substantially,especially those published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).With the optimistic policy environment and huge market demand for TCM,the development of HTA in TCM is expected to flourish in China.However,HTA in TCM also faces numerous challenges such as the absence of a clinical efficacy evaluation system for TCM and insufficient basic research evidence and qualified personnel.Conclusions:TCM has unique characteristic that distinguishes it from Western medicine.Currently,it is important to take all measures to address the existing main challenges and thereby take advantage of the present opportunities to develop and improve HTA in TCM.

Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and carbon content of phytoplankton community at the surface in coastal waters adjacent to the Zhujiang River Estuary during summer

Chlorophyll a(Chl a),particulate organic carbon(POC)and biogenic silica(BSi)were determined in coastal waters adjacent to the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Estuary(ZRE)during summer,in order to examine the C:Chl a ratio of phytoplankton and phytoplankton carbon in the plume-impacted coastal waters during summer,as well as to assess the relative contribution of diatoms to the phytoplankton biomass,by the regression between Chl a,POC and BSi.Our results showed that the C:Chl a ratio(g/g)of phytoplankton was high(up to 142),likely due to high light intensity and nutrient limitation.The river plume input stimulated phytoplankton growth,especially diatoms,resulting in higher relative contribution of phytoplankton carbon(55%)and diatoms(34%)to POC in the plume-impacted region than those(33%and 13%)in high salinity area,respectively.Phytoplankton carbon(up to 538μg/L)in the plume-impacted region was much higher than that(<166μg/L)in high salinity area.Our findings were helpful to improve the biogeochemical model in coastal waters adjacent to the ZRE.

An assessment of Arctic cloud water paths in atmospheric reanalyses

The role of Arctic clouds in the recent rapid Arctic warming has attracted much attention.However,Arctic cloud water paths(CWPs)from reanalysis datasets have not been well evaluated.This study evaluated the CWPs as well as LWPs(cloud liquid water paths)and IWPs(cloud ice water paths)from five reanalysis datasets(MERRA-2,MERRA,ERA-Interim,JRA-55,and ERA5)against the COSP(Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project Observations Simulator Package)output for MODIS from the MERRA-2 CSP(COSP satellite simulator)collection(defined as M2Modis in short).Averaged over 1980-2015 and over the Arctic region(north of 60°N),the mean CWPs of these five datasets range from 49.5 g/m^(2)(MERRA)to 82.7 g/m^(2)(ERA-Interim),much smaller than that from M2Modis(140.0 g/m^(2)).However,the spatial distributions of CWPs,show similar patterns among these reanalyses,with relatively small values over Greenland and large values over the North Atlantic.Consistent with M2Modis,these reanalyses show larger LWPs than IWPs,except for ERA-Interim.However,MERRA-2 and MERRA underestimate the ratio of IWPs to CWPs over the entire Arctic,while ERA-Interim and JRA-55 overestimate this ratio.ERA5 shows the best performance in terms of the ratio of IWPs to CWPs.All datasets exhibit larger CWPs and LWPs in summer than in winter.For M2Modis,IWPs hold seasonal variation similar with LWPs over the land but opposite over the ocean.Following the Arctic warming,the trends in LWPs and IWPs during 1980~2015 show that LWPs increase and IWPs decrease across all datasets,although not statistically significant.Correlation analysis suggests that all datasets have similar interannual variability.The study further found that the inclusion of re-evaporation processes increases the humidity in the atmosphere over the land and that a more realistic liquid/ice phase can be obtained by independently treating the liquid and ice water contents.

Interpretation of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia(Trial Version 7)

On March 3,2020,the National Health Commission and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China jointly promulgated the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia(Trial Version 7).The content has been revised and supplemented on the basis of the Version 6,including etiological characteristics and pathological changes in lung,heart,kidney,spleen,liver,gallbladder,esophagus,stomach and intestinal mucosal epithelium.In particular,the diagnosis and treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine are supplemented.It provides an evidence-based diagnosis and treatment protocol for the treatment and recovery of suspected and confirmed cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia with traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.

Efficacy of Danlou Tablet in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome and Its Effects on Serum Inflammatory Factors

[Objectives] To explore the efficacy of Danlou Tablet( DLT) in the treatment of coronary heart disease( CHD) with phlegm and blood stasis syndrome and its effects on serum inflammatory factors. [Methods]One hundred and ninety-seven patients with CHD and phlegm and blood stasis syndrome in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control group( n =98) treated with aspirin plus atorvastatin,and research group( n =99) treated with DLT and aspirin plus atorvastatin for one month. The clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions were observed. Serum secretory phospholipase A2( s PLA2),lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2( LP-PLA2),oxidized low-density lipoprotein( ox-LDL),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1( MCP-1) and World Health Organization Quality of Life( WHOQOL-100) scores were compared before and after one month of treatment. [Results] The total effective rate was93. 94% in the research group,which was higher than that in the control group( 79. 59%,P < 0. 05);the levels of serum s PLA2,LP-PLA2,ox-LDL and MCP-1 in the research group were lower than those in the control group after one month of treatment( P < 0. 05). There was no statistical significance of the difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between the research group and the control group( P > 0. 05).After one month of treatment,WHOQOL-100 scores were higher in two groups,which were higher in the research group than that in the control group( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions]DLT can significantly reduce the level of serum inflammatory factors,improve the quality of life in patients with CHD and phlegm and blood stasis syndrome.

Discussion on the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Causing Lung Disease and Heart Damage Based on Lei Zhongyi's Theory of Intermingled Phlegm,Blood Stasis and Toxin

Novel coronavirus infection not only damages lung function,but also causes myocardial injury,elevated myocardial enzymes and heart failure,especially for patients with basic heart diseases who develop COVID-19,the first consideration should be the protection of cardiac function.Based on the theory of intermingled phlegm,blood stasis and toxin of heart disease put forward by Master Lei Zhongyi,the dialectical treatment thinking of COVID-19 patients from the concept of damage of phlegm,blood stasis and toxin to the heart were discussed.During the diagnosis,critical stage and recovery period of COVID-19,expectorant and blood-activating agents,heat and detoxification agents can be added to promote lung and asthma,free Bizheng and remove blood stasis,calm the heart and calm the mind,and promote the recovery of cardiopulmonary functions.

Discussion on the Selection of ACEI and ARB for the Patients with COVID-19 and Hypertension from ACE2

With the wide spread of COVID-19,some studies have confirmed that novel coronavirus enters the cell through the binding of spike protein and ACE2 protein,which has the risk of causing the virus to enter the cell to accelerate its transmission.ACEI and ARB are the key drugs for the treatment of hypertension and are widely used in clinic.They are good for ventricular and vascular remodeling in patients with hypertension,coronary heart disease and heart failure.ACEI and ARB drugs may increase the expression of ACE2 in lung tissue and increase the risk of aggravation of the disease.According to the advice of hypertension experts:for mild ordinary COVID-19 patients with hypertension,we can consider discontinuing ACEI and ARB drugs,while for severe COVID-19 patients with hypertension,ACEI and ARB drugs should be stopped immediately.During the discontinuation period,temporary replacement therapy with diuretics,dipine and vasodilatation hypotensive drugs can be considered.

理解鞋印鉴定专家的决策过程——挑战、错误率、认知偏差和相似度

法庭科学鞋印检验鉴定是一项复杂的认知决策活动,受到内外变化诸多因素的影响,这些因素随着案件性质和鉴定专家经验的不同而变化。研究特征比对方法的基础有效性对鞋印检验乃至法庭科学领域至关重要,这可以更好辨别鉴定专家是如何开展形态比对鉴定过程。国内外法庭科学专家已经进行了有益探索,论证了专家认知与鉴定决策变化的关系,为进一步探讨如何解读鉴定专家的认知决策过程、规避决策失误提供理论和实务参考。