On-chain is not enough:Ensuring pre-data on the chain credibility for blockchain-based source-tracing systems

The blockchain provides a reliable and scalable method for enabling source-tracing functionality in large-scale Internet of Things(IoT)systems.Traditional blockchain-based source tracing applications are generally based on the hypothesis that the raw data collected by each IoT node are credible and consistent,which however may not always be the truth.As no mechanism ensures the reliability of the original data collected from the IoT devices,these data may be accidently screwed up or maliciously tampered with before they are uploaded on-chain.To address this issue,we propose the Multi-dimensional Certificates of Origin(MCO)method to filter out the potentially incredible data-till all the data uploaded to the chain are credible.To achieve this,we devise the Multidimensional Information Cross-Verification(MICV)and Multi-source Data Matching Calculation(MDMC)methods.MICV verifies whether a to-be-uploaded datum is consistent or credible,and MDMC determines which data should be discarded and which data should be kept to retain the most likely credible/untampered ones in the circumstance when data inconsistency appears.Large-scale experiments show that our scheme ensures on the credibility of data and off the chain with an affordable overhead.

Selenomethionine alleviates chronic heat stress-induced breast muscle injury and poor meat quality in broilers via relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress

In the present study,the chronic heat stress(CHS)broiler model was developed to investigate the potential protection mechanism of organic selenium(selenomethionine,SeMet)on CHS-induced skeletal muscle growth retardation and poor meat quality.Four hundred Arbor Acres male broilers(680±70 g,21 d old)were grouped into 5 treatments with 8 replicates of 10 broilers per replicate.Broilers in the control group were raised in a thermoneutral environment(22±2°C)and fed with a basal diet.The other four treatments were exposed to hyperthermic conditions(33±2°C,24 h in each day)and fed on the basal diet supplied with SeMet at 0.0,0.2,0.4,and 0.6 mg Se/kg,respectively,for 21 d.Results showed that CHS reduced(P<0.05)the growth performance,decreased(P<0.05)the breast muscle weight and impaired the meat quality of breast muscle in broilers.CHS induced protein metabolic disorder in breast muscle,which increased(P<0.05)the expression of caspase 3,caspase 8,caspase 9 and ubiquitin proteasome system related genes,while decreased the protein expression of P-4EBP1.CHS also decreased the antioxidant capacity and induced mitochondrial stress and endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in breast muscle,which increased(P<0.05)the ROS levels,decreased the concentration of ATP,increased the protein expression of HSP60 and CLPX,and increased(P<0.05)the expression of ER stress biomarkers.Dietary SeMet supplementation linearly increased(P<0.05)breast muscle Se concentration and exhibited protective effects via up-regulating the expression of the selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins,which increased(P<0.05)body weight,improved meat quality,enhanced antioxidant capacity and mitigated mitochondrial stress and ER stress.What's more,SeMet suppressed protein degradation and improved protein biosynthesis though inhibiting the caspase and ubiquitin proteasome system and promoting the mTOR-4EBP1 pathway.In conclusion,dietary SeMet supplementation increases the expression of several key selenoproteins,alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress,improves protein biosynthesis,suppresses protein degradation,thus increases the body weight and improves meat quality of broilers exposed to CHS.

Artificial parasin I protein(API)supplementation improves growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichiacoli

Diarrheas are common risks faced by piglets during the weaning period.This study investigated the alleviating effects of artificial parasin I protein(API)on growth performance and intestinal health of weaned pigs upon enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)challenge.Sixty piglets were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet(CON)or basal diet supplemented with API at 0,750,and 1500 mg/kg or antibiotics for 5 weeks.On d 15 and 25,piglets were challenged with ETEC K88 except for the CON group.Before the ETEC challenge(d 1–14),dietary API supplementation improved growth performance,and 750 mg API increased(P<0.05)the average daily gain(ADG),decreased(P<0.05)feed to gain ratio(F/G)and diarrhea index of weaned piglets.ETEC challenge(during d 15–35)reduced growth performance and increased(P<0.01)the F/G,diarrhea rate,and diarrhea index.This event was accompanied by the numerically increased malondialdehyde(MDA)levels in serum and ileum,the decreased(P<0.05)zonula-occludens-1(ZO-1)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in the ileum,and the increased(P=0.04)secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)protein in the ileum.Artificial parasin I protein supplementation alleviated the negative impact of ETEC.The 750 mg/kg API inclusion elevated(P<0.05)ADG and decreased(P<0.05)F/G.Two levels of API decreased(P<0.01)the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index.Meanwhile,API inclusion decreased(P<0.01)the crypt depth in the jejunum,elevated(P<0.05)villus height in the duodenum and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and ileum,up-regulated(P<0.05)ZO-1 gene,and down-regulated(P<0.05)mucin-2 gene in the jejunum,and 1500 mg/kg API decreased(P<0.01)sIgA level and down-regulated(P<0.05)IL-1βgene in the ileum.Furthermore,750 mg/kg API elevated(P<0.01)Bifidobacteria population and acetic acid concentrations in the cecal chyme.In conclusion,API supplementation alleviates the negative impact of ETEC on growth performance and intestinal health,thus can be applied as an antibiotic alternative in weaned piglets.

Experimental demonstration of transverse mode instability enhancement by a counter-pumped scheme in a 2 kW all-fiberized laser

Transverse mode instability(TMI)has become the major limitation for power scaling of fiber lasers with nearly diffraction-limited beam quality.Compared with a co-pumped fiber laser,a counter-pumped fiber laser reveals TMI threshold enhancement through a semi-analytical model calculation.We demonstrated a 2 kW high-power counter-pumped all-fiberized laser without observation of TMI.Compared with the co-pumped scheme,the TMI threshold is enhanced at least 50%in counter-pumped scheme,moreover,stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave mixing are suppressed simultaneously.