Ten-Minute Synthesis of a New Redox-Active Aqueous Binder for Flame-Retardant Li-S Batteries

As a critical role in battery systems,polymer binders have been shown to efficiently suppress the lithium polysulfide shuttling and accommodate volume changes in recent years.However,preparation processes and safety,as the key criterions for Li-S batteries'practical applications,still attract less attention.Herein,an aqueous multifunction binder(named PEI-TIC)is prepared via an easy and fast epoxy-amine ring-opening reaction(10 min),which can not only give the sulfur cathode a stable mechanical property,a strong chemical adsorption and catalytic conversion ability,but also a fire safety improvement.The Li-S batteries based on the PEI-TIC binder display a high discharge capacity(1297.8 mAh g^(-1)),superior rate performance(823.0 mAh g^(-1)at 2 C),and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.035%over more than 800 cycles.Even under 7.1 mg cm^(-2)S-loaded,the PEI-TIC electrode can also achieve a high areal capacity of 7.2 mA h g^(-1)and excellent cycling stability,confirming its application potential.Moreover,it is also noted that TG-FTIR test is performed for the first time to explore the flame-retardant mechanism of polymer binders.This work provides an economically and environmentally friendly binder for the practical application and inspires the exploration of the flame-retardant mechanism of all electrode components.

含碳硼烷耐高温有机硅树脂的合成与表征

以1,2-二(4-羟基苯基)-碳硼烷和甲基乙烯基二氯硅烷为单体,在三乙胺为缚酸剂的条件下进行缩聚反应,得到聚乙烯基甲基硅氧烷-碳硼烷V-PMSCB。采用红外、核磁和GPC对V-PMSCB结构和相对分子质量进行表征,结果表明聚合物结构与设计结构完全一致,且其数均分子量为5.8×10^(4)。利用红外、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析(TGA)研究了该树脂与含氢硅油的固化工艺,得知其固化工艺为60℃/3 h, 115℃/2 h, 140℃/1 h。通过对该固化产物PMSCB进行TGA分析,可知其具有优异的热稳定性和热氧稳定性,其在空气中5%热失重温度高于1000℃,1000℃时的残碳率高达99.07%。

高强高韧环氧树脂的制备与性能

以4-(4-羟基苯基)-2,3-二氮杂萘-1-酮(DHPZ)和环氧氯丙烷(ECH)为原料,苄基三乙基氯化铵为催化剂,设计合成了一种含有二氮杂萘酮结构的新型环氧树脂,并通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱证实其结构,测定其环氧值为0.30(记为ER30)。ER30在150~200℃范围内黏度为0.5 Pa·s,具有较好的加工流动性。将其与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)按照不同比例进行共混,以4-4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)为固化剂,固化后材料的力学性能较DGEBA有显著提升,当ER30与DGEBA树脂的质量比为3∶7时,冲击强度为61.24 kJ/m^2,弯曲强度为156.43 MPa,分别提升了67%和46%,实现了本征增韧与增强。

A flexible design strategy to modify Ti3C2Tx MXene surface terminations via nucleophilic substitution for long-life Li-S batteries

MXene-based materials have gained considerable attention for lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries cathode materials due to their superior electric conductivity and high affinitive to polysulfides.However,there are still challenges in modifying the surface functional groups of MXene to further improve the electrochemical performance and increase the structure variety for MXene-based sulfur host.Herein,we report an efficient and flexible nucleophilic substitution(S_(N))strategy to modify the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) surface terminations and purposefully designed Magnolol-modified Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(M-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))as powerful cathode host materials.Benefiting from more C-Ti-O bonds forming and diallyl groups terminations reducing after the dehalogenation and nucleophilic addition reactions,the given M-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) electrode could effectively suppress the lithium polysulfides shuttling via chemisorption and C—S covalent bond formation.Besides,the Magnolol-modified Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) significantly accelerates polysulfide redox reaction and reduces the activation energy of Li_(2) S decomposition.As a result,the as-prepared M-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) electrode displays an excellent rate capability and a high reversible capacity of 7.68 mAh cm^(-2)even under 7.2 mg cm^(-2)S-loaded with a low decay rate of 0.07%(from 2 nd cycle).This flexible surface-modified strategy for MXene terminations is expected to be extended to other diverse MXene applications.

A Novel Strategy of In Situ Trimerization of Cyano Groups Between the Ti3C2Tx(MXene) Interlayers for High-Energy and High-Power Sodium-Ion Capacitors

2D MXenes are attractive for energy storage applications because of their high electronic conductivity.However,it is still highly challenging for improving the sluggish sodium(Na)-ion transport kinetics within the MXenes interlayers.Herein,a novel nitrogen-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene was synthesized by introducing the in situ polymeric sodium dicyanamide(Na-dca)to tune the complex terminations and then utilized as intercalation-type pseudocapacitive anode of Na-ion capacitors(NICs).The Na-dca can intercalate into the interlayers of Ti3C2 Tx nanosheets and simultaneously form sodium tricyanomelaminate(Na3TCM)by the catalyst-free trimerization.The as-prepared Ti3C2Tx/Na3TCM exhibits a high N-doping of 5.6 at.%in the form of strong Ti-N bonding and stabilized triazine ring structure.Consequently,coupling Ti3C2Tx/Na3 TCM anode with different mass of activated carbon cathodes,the asymmetric MXene//carbon NICs are assembled.It is able to deliver high energy density(97.6 Wh kg-1),high power output(16.5 kW kg-1),and excellent cycling stability(≈82.6%capacitance retention after 8000 cycles).

High and ultra-stable energy storage from all-carbon sodium-ion capacitor with 3D framework carbon as cathode and carbon nanosheet as anode

Sodium-ion capacitors(SICs)are extremely promising due to the combined merits of high energy-power characteristics and considerable price advantage.However,it is still difficult to achieve high energypower outputs and cycle stability in a typical configuration of the metal-based battery-type anode and activated carbon capacitor-type cathode due to the kinetic mismatching.In this work,a carbon nanosheet(PSCS-600)with large interlayer spacing of 0.41 nm derived from the bio-waste pine cone shell was prepared.Besides,the covalent triazine framework derived carbon(OPDN-CTF-A)was obtained through ionothermal synthesis strategy,exhibiting beneficial hierarchical pores(0.5-6 nm)and high heteroatoms(5.6 at%N,6.6 at%O).On this basis,the all-carbon SICs were fabricated by the integration of PSCS-600 anode and OPDN-CTF-A cathode.The device delivered high energy density 111 Wh kg^(-1),high power output of 14,200 W kg^(-1) and ultra-stable cycling life(~90.7%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles).This work provides new ideas in fabricating carbon-carbon architectural SICs with high energy storage for practical application.

Carbon spheres with rational designed surface and secondary particle-piled structures for fast and stable sodium storage

The electrochemical performance of hard carbon in sodium storage is still limited by its poor cycling stability and rate capability because of the sluggish kinetics process.In this study,we use a simple and effective method to accelerate the kinetics process by engineering the structure of the electrode to promote its surface and near-surface reactions.This goal is realized by the use of slightly aggregated ultra-small carbon spheres.The large specific surface area formed by the small spheres can provide abundant active sites for electrochemical reactions.The abundant mesopores and macropores derived from the secondary particle piled structure of the carbon spheres could facilitate the transport of electrolytes,shorten the diffusion distance of Na^(+)and accommodate the volume expansion during cycling.Benefiting from these unique structure features,PG700-3(carbon spheres with the diameters of 40-60 nm carbonized at 700℃)exhibits high performance for sodium storage.A high reversible capacity of 163 mAh g^(-1) could be delivered at a current density of 1.0 A g^(-1) after 100 cycles.Interestingly,at a current density of 10.0 A g^(-1),the specific capacity of PG700-3 gradually increases to 140 mAh g^(-1) after 10000 cycles,corresponding to a capacity retention of 112%.Given the enhanced kinetics of SIBs reactions,PG700-3 exhibits an excellent rate capability,i.e.,230 and 138 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 and 5.0 A g^(-1),respectively.This study provides a facile method to attain high performance anode materials for SIBs.The design strategy and improvement mechanism could be extended to other materials for high rate applications.

A lightweight nitrogen/oxygen dual-doping carbon nanofiber interlayer with meso-/micropores for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries are promising energy-storage devices for future generations of portable electronics and electric vehicles because of the outstanding energy density,low cost,and nontoxic nature of S.In the past decades,various novel electrodes and electrolytes have been studied to improve the performance of Li-S batteries.However,the very limited lifespan and rate performance of Li-S batteries originating from the dissolution and diffusion of long-chain polysulfides in liquid electrolytes,and the intrinsic poor conductivity of S severely hinder their practical application.Herein,an electrospinning method was developed to fabricate a thin conductive interlayer consisting of meso-/microporous N/O dual-doping carbon nanofiber(CNF).The freestanding 3 D interwoven structure with conductive pathways for electrons and ions can enhance the contact between polysulfides and N/O atoms to realize the highly robust trapping of polysulfides via the extremely polar interaction.Consequently,combining the meso-microporous N/O dual-doping CNF interlayer with a monodispersed S nanoparticle cathode results in a superior electrochemical performance of 862.5 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.2 C and a cycle decay as low as 0.08% per cycle.An area specific capacity of 5.22 mAh/cm^(2) can be obtained after 100 cycles at 0.1 C with a high S loading of 7.5 mg/cm^(2).

A semi-immobilized sulfur-rich copolymer backbone with conciliatory polymer skeleton and conductive substrates for high-performance Li-S batteries

Sulfur-rich polymers have gained a great deal of attention as the next-generation active materials in lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries due to their low cost,environmental compatibility,naturally sulfur uniform dispersion,and distinctive structure covalently bonding with sulfur atoms.However,the poor electrical conductivity and undesirable additional shuttle effect still hinder the commercial application of sulfur-rich polymers.Herein,we report a flexible semi-immobilization strategy to prepare allylterminated hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide(A-PEI-EGO)as sulfur-rich copolymer backbone.The semi-immobilization strategy can effectively reconcile the demand for polymer skeleton and conductive substrates through forming quaternary ammonium groups and reducing oxygen-containing functional groups,resulting in enhanced skeleton adsorption capacity and substrate electronic conductivity,respectively.Furthermore,the stable covalent bonding connection based on polymer molecules(A-PEI)not only completely prevents the additional shuttle effect of lithiation organic molecules and even sulfur-rich oligomers,but provides more inverse vulcanization active sites.As a result,the as-prepared A-PEI-EGO-S cathodes display an initial discharge capacity of1338 m A h g^(-1)at a rate of 0.1 C and an outstanding cycling stability of 0.046%capacity decay per cycle over 600 cycles.Even under 6.2 mg cm^(-2)S-loaded and sparing electrolyte of 6μL mg^(-1),the A-PEI-EGO-S cathode can also achieve a superior cycling performance of 98%capacity retention after 60 cycles,confirming its application potential.

聚苯胺/聚乙烯醇/磺化石墨烯复合材料的制备及性能

通过加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠制备聚苯胺/聚乙烯醇/磺化石墨烯(PANI/PVA/S-GNS)导电复合材料,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对其结构和形貌进行表征;通过溶解性能测试,表明十二烷基苯磺酸钠的加入,可有效降低PANI的团聚,提高复合材料的溶解性能;通过循环伏安和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行测试,结果显示少量S-GNS的加入就能提高复合材料的电性能,在扫描速率为50 mV/s时,PANI/PVA/S-GNS的比电容为661.2 F/g,远大于比电容为354.3 F/g的PANI/PVA。

High-Performance and Flexible Co-Planar Integrated Microsystem of Carbon-Based All-Solid-State Micro-Supercapacitor and Real-Time Temperature Sensor

With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor,exhibiting three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical porous structure.Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure,BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g^(-1)and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50000 cycles at 50 A g^(-1).Furthermore,BDC-based planar micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)without metal collector,prepared by mask-assisted coating,exhibit outstanding areal-specific capacitance of 84 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 10.6μWh cm^(-2),exceeding most of the previous carbon-based MSCs.Impressively,the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100%under extreme bending state.More importantly,a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation,providing a feasible route for flexible MSC-based functional micro-devices.

Measurement and correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system(water+1,2-dichloroethane+sulfolane)at 288.15,298.15,and 308.15 K

Sulfolane is an important aprotic polar solvent.Liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE)data for the ternary systems of water+1,2-dichloroethane+sulfolane were measured at temperatures of 288.15,298.15 and 308.15 K under the atmospheric pressure.The distribution coefficient and selectivity were determined from the measured LLE data,which showed that 1,2-dichloroethane is a suitable extractant for the recovery of sulfolane from its aqueous solution.The nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL)model and the universal quasi-chemical(UNIQUAC)model were utilized to correlate the experimental LLE data.The low values of RMSD indicated that the ternary system could be fitted well by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models.The consistency of the binary interaction parameters for the two thermodynamic models obtained was confirmed by the topological information contained in the Gibbs energy of mixing function(G^(M)/RT).

Upcyclable thermosetting photopolymer containing degradable sulfite bonds for sustainable 3D printing

The advancement of photo-curing three-dimensional(3D)printing technology has significantly enhanced the capabilities of advanced manufacturing across various fields.However,the robust cross-linking network of photopolymers limits its application in information encryption and exacerbates environmental issues.In this study,a degradable thermosetting photopolymer platform for information encryption was proposed by incorporating sulfite bonds into the polymer structure.Due to the autocatalytic behavior of sulfite bonds during hydrolysis under acidic conditions,the photopolymer can achieve complete degradation at 50℃ within 45 min.Based on the degradability of the developed photopolymers,a highly secure degradation-UV dual information encryption system has been established using photo-curing-based 3D printing technology.Furthermore,the degradation products of these photopolymers,generated during the information decryption process,can be utilized to prepare high-performance solar thermoelectric generators with a power density of 325.7µW cm^(−2)(under one sun)after a simple one-step modification.This work not only inspires the development of multiple information encryption methods based on 3D printing but also provides a practical solution to address environmental challenges associated with plastic pollution.

Promoting uniform lithium deposition with Janus gel polymer electrolytes enabling stable lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are desirable candidates owing to their highenergyadvantage for next-generation batteries. However, the practical applicationof LMBs continues to be constrained by thorny safety issues with the formationand growth of Li dendrites. Herein, the ZIF-67 MOFs are in situcoupled onto a single face of 3D porous nanofiber to fabricate an asymmetricJanus membrane, harnessing their anion adsorption capabilities to promotethe uniform deposition of Li ions. In addition, the poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate and trifluoromethyl methacrylate are introduced into nanofiber skeletonto form Janus@GPE, which preferentially reacts with Li metal to form aLiF-rich stable SEI layer to inhibit Li dendrite growth. Importantly, the synergisticeffect of the MOFs and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layerresults in superior cycling performance, achieving a remarkable 2500 h cyclingat 1 mA cm^(-2) in the Li/Janus@GPE/Li configuration. In addition, theJanus@GPE electrolyte has a certain flame retardant, which can selfextinguishwithin 3 s, improving the safety performance of the batteries. Consequently,the Li/Janus@GPE/LFP flexible pouch cell exhibits favorablecycling stability (the capacity retention rate of 45 cycles is 91.8% at 0.1 C). Thiswork provides new insights and strategies to improve the safety and practicalutility of LMBs.

An all-biomaterials-based aqueous binder based on adsorption redox-mediated synergism for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries

The complex multistep electrochemical reactions of lithium polysulfides and the solid–liquid–solid phase transformation involved in the S8 to Li2S reactions lead to slow redox kinetics in lithium–sulfur batteries(Li–S batteries).However,some targeted researches have proposed strategies requiring the introduction of significant additional inactive components,which can seriously affect the energy density.Whereas polymer binders,proven to be effective in suppressing shuttle effects and constraining electrode volume expansion,also have promising potential in enhancing Li–S batteries redox kinetics.Herein,a novel aqueous polymer binder is prepared by convenient amidation reaction of fully biomaterials,utilizing its inherent rich amide groups for chemisorption and redox mediating ability of thiol groups to achieve adsorption redox-mediated synergism for efficient conversion of polysulfides.Li–S batteries based on N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine-Chitosan(NACCTS)binder exhibit high initial discharge specific capacity(1260.1mAhg−1 at 0.2C)and excellent cycling performance over 400 cycles(capacity decay rate of 0.018%per cycle).In addition,the batteries exhibit great areal capacity and stable capacity retention of 83.6%over 80 cycles even under high sulfur loading of 8.4mgcm−2.This work offers a novel perspective on the redox-mediated functional design and provides an environmentally friendly biomaterials-based aqueous binder for practical Li–S battery.

Replacing“Alkyl”with“Aryl”for inducing accessible channels to closed pores as plateau-dominated sodium-ion battery anode

Hard carbons are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries.However,there is still considerable controversy regarding the sodium storage behaviors in hard carbons,which are mainly attributed to the varied precursors,confused pyrolysis mechanism,and different characterization methods.Herein,benefiting from the flexible molecular structure of polymers,a series of hard carbons with carefully tunedmicrostructures are fabricated by adjusting the ratio of aryl and alkyl groups in the epoxy resins.The results of dynamic mechanical analysis,insitu Fourier transform infrared spectra,and synchronous thermal gravimetricinfrared spectrum-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry reveal that replacing the alkyl with aryl groups in the resin can enhance the crosslink density,inhibit the degradation and rearrangement process,and further lead to a more disordered microstructure.In addition,it is suggested that accessible channels provided by sufficiently wide interlayer spacing are necessary for closed pore filling.The optimized anode delivers a high capacity of 375 mAh/g in half cell with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 80.61%,and an energy density of 252 Wh/kg is attained in full cell.Finally,a reliable relationship among precursor-pyrolysis mechanism-structure-performance is established,and the sodium storagemechanism of“adsorption-insertion-pore filling”iswell proved.

Achieving higher performances without an external curing agent in natural magnolol-based epoxy resin

Bio-based epoxy thermoset prepared from renewable biomass raw materials can alleviate fossil energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution,which satisfies the needs of sustainable social development.In this study,a bio-based epoxy thermoset precursor(MGOL-EP) was synthesized from a naturally occurring magnolol through a facile and efficient one-step process.And the fully bio-based epoxy thermoset(MGOL-EP-SC) was obtained by self-curing without adding any other hardener.MGOL-EP-SC revealed an extremely high glass-transition temperature(T_(g)) of 265℃ and char yield of 53.2%(in N;),which were at the highest level among the fully bio-based epoxy thermosets reported so far.In addition,when the MGOL-EP was cured with 4,4’-methylenedianiline(DDM),T_(g)of the MGOL-EP/DDM was decreased by 61℃ and the other comprehensive performance had also been decreased,which was due to a reduction in biphenyl structure content and cross-linking density by adding the external curing agents.Moreover,the MGOL-EP-SC presented certain killing rate(48.4%) to Staphylococcus aureus.These findings provide a new design strategy for engineering high-performance and functional epoxy thermoset with high biomass content.

PDA-BPs integrated mussel-inspired multifunctional hydrogel coating on PPENK implants for anti-tumor therapy,antibacterial infection and bone regeneration

Currently,many cancer patients with bone defects are still threatened by tumor recurrence,postoperative bacterial infection,and massive bone loss.Many methods have been studied to endow bone implants with biocompatibility,but it is difficult to find an implant material that can simultaneously solve the problems of anticancer,antibacterial and bone promotion.Here,a multifunctional gelatin methacrylate/dopamine methacrylate adhesive hydrogel coating containing 2D black phosphorus(BP)nanoparticle protected by polydopamine(pBP)is prepared by photocrosslinking to modify the surface of poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone)containing phthalazinone(PPENK)implant.The multifunctional hydrogel coating works in conjunction with pBP,which can deliver drug through photothermal mediation and kill bacteria through photodynamic therapy at the initial phase followed by promotion of osteointegration.In this design,photothermal effect of pBP control the release of doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded via electrostatic attraction.Meanwhile,pBP can generate reactive oxygen species(ROS)to eliminate bacterial infection under 808 nm laser.In the slow degradation process,pBP not only effectively consumes excess ROS and avoid apoptosis induced by ROS in normal cells,but also degrade into PO43to promote osteogenesis.In summary,nanocomposite hydrogel coatings provide a promising strategy for treatment of cancer patients with bone defects.

A nano fiber–gel composite electrolyte with high Li^(+) transference number for application in quasi-solid batteries

As their Liþtransference number(tLiþ),ionic conductivity,and safety are all high,polymer electrolytes play a vital role in overcoming uncontrollable lithium dendrites and low energy density in Li metal batteries(LMBs).We therefore synthesized a three-dimensional(3D)semi-interpenetrating network-based single-ion-conducting fiber–gel composite polymer electrolyte(FGCPE)via an electrospinning,initiation,and in situ polymerization method.The FGCPE provides high ionic conductivity(1.36 mS cm^(-1)),high t_(Li+)(0.92),and a high electrochemical stability window(up to 4.84 V).More importantly,the aromatic heterocyclic structure of the biphenyl in the nanofiber membrane promotes the carbonization of the system(the limiting oxygen index value of the nanofiber membrane reaches 41%),giving it certain flame-retardant properties and solving the source-material safety issue.Due to the in situ method,the observable physical interface between electrodes and electrolytes is virtually eliminated,yielding a compact whole that facilitates rapid kinetic reactions in the cell.More excitingly,the LFP/FGCPE/Li cell displays outstanding cycling stability,with a capacity retention of 91.6%for 500 cycles even at 10C.We also test the FGCPE in high-voltage NMC532/FGCPE/Li cells and pouch cells.This newly designed FGCPE exhibits superior potential and feasibility for promoting the development of LMBs with high energy density and safety.

Sulfur polymerization strategy based on the intrinsic properties of polymers for advanced binder-free and high-sulfur-content Li–S batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are the promising next-generation secondary energy storage systems,because of their advantages of high energy density and environmental friendliness.Among numerous cathode materials,organosulfur polymer materials have received extensive attentions because of their controllable structure and uniform sulfur distribution.However,the sulfur content of most organosulfur polymer cathodes is limited(S content<60%)due to the addition of large amounts of conductive agents and binders,which adversely affects the energy density of Li-S batteries.Herein,a hyperbranched sulfur-rich polymer based on modified polyethyleneimine(Ath-PEI)named carbon nanotubeentangled poly(allyl-terminated hyperbranched ethyleneimine-random-sulfur)(CNT/Ath-PEI@S)was prepared by sulfur polymerization and used as a Li-S battery cathode.The high intrinsic viscosity of Ath-PEI provided considerable adhesion and avoided the addition of PVDF binder,thereby increasing the sulfur content of cathodes to 75%.Moreover,considering the uniform distribution of elemental sulfur by the polymer,the utilization of sulfur was successfully improved,thus improving the rate capability and discharge capacity of the battery.The binder-free,sulfur-rich polymer cathode exhibited ultra-high initial discharge capacity(1520.7 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 C),and high rate capability(804 mAh g^(−1) at 2.0 C).And cell-level calculations show that the electrode exhibits an initial capacity of 942.3 mAh g^(−1) electrode,which is much higher than those of conventional sulfur-polymer electrodes reported in the literature.