Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier coatings under thermal shock loading

Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier ceramic coatings （TBCs） under different cycles of thermal shock loading of 1 100℃ was investi- gated by the microscopic digital image correlation （DIC） and micro-Raman spec- troscopy, respectively. The obtained results showed that, as the cycle number of the thermal shock loading increases, the evolution of the residual stress under- goes three distinct stages： a sharp increase, a gradual change, and a reduction. The extension stress near the TBC surface is fast transformed to compressive one through just one thermal cycle. After different thermal shock cycles with peak temperature of 1 100℃, phase transformation in TBC does not happen, whereas the generation, development, evolution of the thermally grown oxide （TGO） layer and micro-cracks are the main reasons causing the evolution regularity of the residual stress.

Identification of two aberrant transcripts derived from a hybridoma with amplification of functional immunoglobulin variable genes

Murine monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)are widely used but have limitations if administered in humans.The use of chimeric or humanized mAbs can reduce immunogenicity.The first step in producing such mAbs is to clone murine variable genes from a hybridoma,but it is possible to amplify both functional and aberrant variable genes,as they coexist in the hybridoma.During the development of a murine–human chimeric antibody,we have cloned from a hybridoma the functional heavy chain variable region(VH)and light chain variable region(VL)genes of a mAb that blocks the binding of anthrax lethal factor to protective antigen.In this study,we report the detection of two aberrant transcripts from a hybridoma produced using myeloma cell line OUR-1,the development of a method to distinguish between the functional and abundant aberrant VL transcripts,and the origins of these aberrant genes.The aberrant VL gene is derived from OUR-1 cells,while the aberrant VH gene might derive from antibody repertoires in B cells or from gene rearrangement in the hybridoma cells.The aberrant VH and VL genes in this study may facilitate discrimination between the functional and aberrant variable genes from hybridoma cells.