以貌取人:儿童基于面孔的信任判断

儿童可以像成人一样快速地根据面孔做出信任判断。这种基于面孔的信任判断对儿童的知识学习、社会适应和自我保护具有重要作用。影响儿童信任判断的面孔特征包括性别、种族、面孔吸引力、可信度、能力、支配性和表情。面孔特征可能通过知觉基础、情绪情感、一般认知能力和社会经验等四个方面作用于信任判断,在此基础上提出了儿童基于面孔的信任判断模型。未来的研究方向包括:1)改进研究方法;2)探索儿童基于面孔特征信任判断的发展特点;3)深入探究面孔特征影响儿童信任判断的机制以完善其理论模型。

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中E-钙黏蛋白甲基化对预后的影响

目的检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)患儿骨髓单个核细胞中E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)mRNA及蛋白水平表达和基因甲基化状态,探讨E-cadherin在儿童ALL的意义及甲基化状态与预后的关系。方法采集42例初次确诊的ALL患儿确诊时(治疗前组)及诱导化疗第33天(治疗后组)的骨髓血5 mL,应用RT-qPCR、Westerm blot及甲基化特异性PCR法检测骨髓单个核细胞中E-cadherin mRNA及蛋白表达和E-cadherin基因甲基化水平,并比较治疗前后各指标的变化。结果治疗后组E-cadherin mRNA及蛋白的表达水平均高于治疗前组(P<0.05);治疗后组E-cadherin基因甲基化阳性率较治疗前组下降(P<0.05);至试验终点时,甲基化阴性者总生存率和无事件生存率均高于甲基化阳性者(P<0.05)。结论E-cadherin表达与儿童ALL发展相关,表达降低及甲基化水平增高可能提示预后不良。

任务和个体特征对事件性前瞻记忆后效的影响及其机制

前瞻记忆后效(aftereffects of prospective memory)是指个体错误地重复执行已完成的前瞻记忆意向或已完成的意向对进行中任务产生干扰的现象。基于前瞻记忆多重加工理论,通过对文献梳理发现,任务特征(前瞻记忆任务特征、进行中任务特征、任务情境)和个体特征会调节事件性前瞻记忆后效。目前,关于事件性前瞻记忆后效的加工机制的理论解释主要包括自动化加工、控制加工、提取−抑制加工、停止标记加工、双加工和动态多重加工等。其中,自动化加工可分为反射−联结加工和差异−搜索加工,而控制加工又可分为监控加工和抑制加工。事件性前瞻记忆后效的形成与自动化加工和监控加工关系更密切,而后效的消退更依赖抑制加工。未来研究需深入考察事件性前瞻记忆后效的加工机制,增加对不同类型以及自然情境中前瞻记忆后效的考察,注重探究降低前瞻记忆后效的策略。

皮肤屏障修复剂对敏感性皮肤的临床疗效研究

目的采用随机、双盲、对照研究,评价以修复皮肤屏障为目的皮肤屏障修复剂在敏感性皮肤临床治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法按照纳入和排除标准,随机入选80例敏感性皮肤患者为病例组,50例正常人为对照组,均使用皮肤屏障修复剂,在使用前、使用后14、28 d进行随访观察,并由医生根据患者皮损改变、皮肤无创性检测结果等指标差异做出评估,同时全部受试者进行自我评估。应用统计学方法对各项数据进行分析。结果敏感性皮肤患者连续使用皮肤屏障修复剂28 d后经表皮失水量、角质层含水量、皮肤弹性均有改善(P<0.05),改善率分别为92.0%、76.0%、65.3%;对照组较使用前表皮油脂含量减少和皮肤弹性增强(P<0.05)。两组受试者VISIA红区无良好改善。医生评估敏感性皮肤患者干燥、潮红等临床症状和生活质量情况均好转。89.3%受试者自我评估满意度较高,未观察到严重皮肤不良反应。结论修复皮肤屏障功能对治疗敏感性皮肤病有显著的临床功效;对临床治疗敏感性皮肤过程有事半功倍效果。

Lattice vibration and Raman scattering of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure

Research on two-dimensional(2D) materials and related van der Waals heterostructures(vdWHs) is intense and remains one of the leading topics in condensed matter physics.Lattice vibrations or phonons of a vdWH provide rich information,such as lattice structure,phonon dispersion,electronic band structure and electron–phonon coupling.Here,we provide a mini review on the lattice vibrations in vdWHs probed by Raman spectroscopy.First,we introduced different kinds of vdWHs,including their structures,properties and potential applications.Second,we discussed interlayer and intralayer phonon in twist multilayer graphene and MoS2.The frequencies of interlayer and intralayer modes can be reproduced by linear chain model(LCM)and phonon folding induced by periodical moiré potentials,respectively.Then,we extended LCM to vdWHs formed by distinct 2D materials,such as MoS2/graphene and hBN/WS2 heterostructures.We further demonstrated how to calculate Raman intensity of interlayer modes in vdWHs by interlayer polarizability model.

Interleukin-13 promotes cellular senescence through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in IgG4-related sialadenitis

Immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis(IgG4-RS)is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disease and the pathogenesis is still not fully understood.The aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of interleukin-13(IL-13)in the cellular senescence during the progress of IgG4-RS.We found that the expression of IL-13 and IL-13 receptorα1(IL-13Rα1)as well as the number of senescent cells were significantly higher in the submandibular glands(SMGs)of IgG4-RS patients.IL-13 directly induced senescence as shown by the elevated activity of senescence-associatedβ-galactosidase(SA-β-gal),the decreased cell proliferation,and the upregulation of senescence markers(p53 and p16)and senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP)factors(IL-1βand IL-6)in SMG-C6 cells.Mechanistically,IL-13 increased the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6(p-STAT6)and mitochondrial-reactive oxygen species(mt ROS),while decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential,ATP level,and the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2).Notably,the IL-13-induced cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction could be inhibited by pretreatment with either STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499 or mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger Mito TEMPO.Moreover,IL-13 increased the interaction between p-STAT6 and c AMP-response element binding protein(CREB)-binding protein(CBP)and decreased the transcriptional activity of CREB on SOD2.Taken together,our findings revealed a critical role of IL-13 in the induction of salivary gland epithelial cell senescence through the elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress in a STAT6–CREB–SOD2-dependent pathway in IgG4-RS.

Autonomic reinnervation and functional regeneration in autologous transplanted submandibular glands in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Autologous submandibular gland(SMG) transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and then restored secretion spontaneously.This study aims to investigate whether autonomic nerves reinnervate the grafts and contribute to the functional recovery, and further determine the origin of these nerves. Parts of the transplanted SMGs were collected from the epiphora patients, and a rabbit SMG transplantation model was established to fulfill the serial observation on the transplanted glands with time. The results showed that autonomic nerves distributed in the transplanted SMGs and parasympathetic ganglionic cells were observed in the stroma of the glands. Low-dense and unevenly distributed cholinergic axons, severe acinar atrophy and fibrosis were visible in the patients' glands 4–6 months post-transplantation, whereas the cholinergic axon density and acinar area were increased with time. The acinar area or the secretory flow rate of the transplanted glands was statistically correlated with the cholinergic axon density in the rabbit model, respectively. Meanwhile, large cholinergic nerve trunks were found to locate in the temporal fascia lower to the gland, and sympathetic plexus concomitant with the arteries was observed both in the adjacent fascia and in the stroma of the glands. In summary, the transplanted SMGs are reinnervated by autonomic nerves and the cholinergic nerves play a role in the morphological and functional restoration of the glands. Moreover, these autonomic nerves might originate from the auriculotemporal nerve and the sympathetic plexus around the supplying arteries.

关于厨余垃圾处理厂工业建筑的能耗指标统计分析

通过对浙江省宁波市三星级绿色工业建筑《厨余垃圾处理厂项目》设计标识和运行标识进行评估总结.介绍了工业建筑综合能耗在运行阶段的状况,意在倡导绿色工业建筑节能理念.以期对推行绿色工业建筑起到良好的示范作用.

编码方式和线索显著性对前瞻记忆的影响

采用2(编码方式:口头复述,书写)×2(线索显著性:显著,非显著)的混合实验设计,探究不同编码方式和线索显著性对前瞻记忆的影响。结果发现:不同线索条件下反应时的主效应显著,不论是口头复述还是书写编码,对显著线索的反应时快于非显著线索;不同线索条件下正确率的主效应显著,对显著线索的正确率高于非显著线索;显著性条件下编码方式正确率的主效应显著,书写的正确率高于口头复述。这些结果说明显著条件对前瞻记忆具有促进作用,书写和口头复述两种编码方式的作用只在线索显著时存在差异。

Signal-to-noise ratio of Raman signal measured by multichannel detectors

Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to characterize the physical properties of two-dimensional materials(2DMs).The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR or S/N ratio)of Raman signal usually serves as an important indicator to evaluate the instrumental performance rather than Raman intensity itself.Multichannel detectors with outstanding sensitivity,rapid acquisition speed and low noise level have been widely equipped in Raman instruments for the measurement of Raman signal.In this mini-review,we first introduce the recent advances of Raman spectroscopy of 2DMs.Then we take the most commonly used CCD detector and IGA array detector as examples to overview the various noise sources in Raman measurements and analyze their potential influences on SNR of Raman signal in experiments.This overview can contribute to a better understanding on the SNR of Raman signal and the performance of multichannel detector for numerous researchers and instrumental design for industry,as well as offer practical strategies for improving spectral quality in routine measurement.

汽车控制器电源防负压馈入电路的设计

为消除汽车控制器的传导负压馈入现象,提出一种基于传统功率MOSFET防反接的双延时通道电路方案。保留了传统方案的栅源电压建立通道,加入了自适应的双延时通道栅源电压建立机制。以ISO 7637-2的12 V脉冲1为测试例,利用SPICE模型和对应的电源输入电路测试板仿真和实测,验证了双延时通道电路方案的消除负压馈入效果。测试表明,快通道的串联电阻Rfast取240Ω和2.2Ω时,负压馈入成功消除。双延时通道电路方案整体性能优于传统方案。

浅谈坝肩槽开挖爆破钻孔设备技术应用

碾压混凝土重力坝是20世纪80年代以来发展较快的一种新的筑坝技术,是大型水电站挡水建筑物的主要型式之一,两岸坝肩槽的开挖是大坝基础的关键部位,其开挖质量直接关系着整体工程完工后电站的安全运行。本文仅以黄登水电站左右岸高程1475m以上坝肩槽开挖工程实践为例,研究坝肩槽开挖爆破钻孔设备技术,总结出一套切实可行且能保质保量完成坝肩槽开挖的施工技术和方法,可对将来其他相似工程起到指导作用。

通过优化控制电路参数解决鼓风机异响问题的研究

汽车上常见的鼓风机为直流有刷电机,其运行噪声与驱动电压的纹波有关。为了解决某款汽车鼓风机的异响问题,在分析鼓风机负反馈控制电路原理的基础上,对电路进行仿真计算,确定通过优化MCU输出的PWM信号频率、滤波电路的电容以及积分电路的电容,可以降低鼓风机驱动电压的纹波。最后,通过试验结果证明优化控制电路参数可以明显降低鼓风机驱动电压的纹波,并解决鼓风机异响问题。

酒精摄入对前瞻记忆的损伤:影响因素及作用机制

日常生活中绝大多数活动的完成都与前瞻记忆存在密切联系。酒精摄入会损伤大脑结构和认知功能,降低个体前瞻记忆表现。酒精摄入与前瞻记忆的关系受诸多因素影响,主要包括酒精摄入模式和剂量、其他物质滥用、测量方式以及前瞻记忆类型。酒精摄入影响前瞻记忆的认知机制主要涉及执行功能和注意系统。神经机制方面,酒精摄入影响前瞻记忆的脑区包括前额叶、顶枕叶、边缘系统(海马、前扣带回、上丘脑)、大脑皮质和髓质等。未来研究可进一步揭示酒精摄入对前瞻记忆成分及各加工阶段的影响,重视研究方法的差异和改进,关注改善临床酒精摄入人群前瞻记忆的因素。

Functional and structural characterization of Norovirus GII.6 in recognizing histo-blood group antigens

Noroviruses(NoVs)are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide.Histo-blood group antigens(HBGAs)are receptors or attachment factors that affect the prevalence and host susceptibility of NoVs.GII.6 NoV is one of the predominant genotypes in humans,which recognizes the type ABO secretor of HBGAs.However,the structural basis of GII.6 NoV's interaction with HBGAs receptors remains elusive.In this study,we investigated the binding features of the GII.6 strain to HBGAs using saliva-and glycan-ELISA assays and characterized the molecular basis of the GII.6 virus that recognizes H disaccharide.We showed that the GII.6 P domain recognized some A and O secretor's saliva samples,most B secretor's saliva samples,and H disaccharide antigen,but did not bind non-secretors’saliva.Further,we determined the crystal structures of GII.6 and its complex with H disaccharides at 1.7Å,revealing that the P domain of GII.6 shares the conventional binding interface and mode of GII HBGAs.Single residue mutations at the GII.6-H binding sites could inhibit the binding of GII.6 to HBGAs,demonstrating that the interaction residues were crucial in maintaining NoV-glycan integrity.Finally,structural and sequence analyses showed that the major residues of the GII.6-H interaction were conserved among NoVs in the GII genogroup.Taken together,our study characterized the functional and structural features of GII.6 that allow it to interact with HBGAs,and shed light on NoV evolution,epidemiology,and anti-viral drug development.

Selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia protects against sepsis-induced intestinal injury by regulating mitochondrial fusion in weaned pigs

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated response of the host to an infection, and treatments are limited. Recently, a novel selenium source, selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia(SEC) has attracted much attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but little is known about its role in the treatment of sepsis. Here, we found that SEC alleviated LPS-induced intestinal damage, as indicated by improved intestinal morphology, and increased disaccharidase activity and tight junction protein expression. Moreover, SEC ameliorated the LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as indicated by decreased IL-6 level in the plasma and jejunum. Moreover, SEC improved intestinal antioxidant functions by regulating oxidative stress indicators and selenoproteins. In vitro, TNF-α-challenged IPEC-1 cells were examined and showed that selenium-enriched peptides, which are the main functional components extracted from Cardamine violifolia(CSP), increased cell viability, decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity and improved cell barrier function. Mechanistically, SEC ameliorated LPS/TNF-α-induced perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics in the jejunum and IPEC-1 cells. Moreover, CSPmediated cell barrier function is primarily dependent on the mitochondrial fusion protein MFN2 but not MFN1. Taken together,these results indicate that SEC mitigates sepsis-induced intestinal injury, which is associated with modulating mitochondrial fusion.

儿童前瞻记忆:执行功能的作用

前瞻记忆是指在未来某一恰当时间或情境中,记得完成先前计划好的事件或活动的记忆。受认知发展水平限制,执行功能各子成分(工作记忆、抑制控制、认知灵活性)在儿童前瞻记忆加工过程中起不同作用。其中,工作记忆在意向编码和维持阶段发挥重要作用,该成分对前瞻记忆的影响主要在儿童早期。而抑制控制和认知灵活性则在意向提取和执行阶段中起关键作用,这两个子成分对前瞻记忆的影响主要在儿童中后期。未来在考察儿童前瞻记忆与执行功能关系时需改进研究方法,选取适合儿童的任务范式和理论模型,在同一样本中对不同类型前瞻记忆综合探究并增加纵向研究证据。另外,还需深入考察不同类型前瞻记忆与执行功能的关系,并进一步揭示执行功能对儿童前瞻记忆成分及各加工阶段的影响。

Aquaporin 5 is degraded by autophagy in diabetic submandibular gland

Autophagy is a catabolic process which is involved in the development of many diseases including diabetes mellitus and its complications. Hyposalivation is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, whereas its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we observed that the stimulated salivary flow rate of SMG was significantly decreased in db/db mice, a diabetic mice model. The expressions of aquaporin 5(AQP5), a water channel protein, were decreased, whereas the m RNA level of AQP5 was increased in SMGs of both diabetic patients and mice. Under transmission electron microcope, more autophagosomes were detected in diabetic SMGs. Expressions of autophagy related proteins LC3 II, Beclin-1 and ATG5 were increased, meanwhile autophagy substrate p62 was decreased in SMGs of diabetic patients and mice, indicating that autophagy was activated in diabetic SMG.Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the colocalization of AQP5 and LC3 was increased in SMGs of diabetic mice.In cultured SMG-C6 cells, high glucose(HG), but not high osmotic pressure, reduced AQP5 protein expression and induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenin, an autophagy inhibitor, or by autophagy-related gene 5 siRNA, decreased HG-induced AQP5 reduction in SMG-C6 cells. Additionally, the expression of p-p85, p-Akt and p-mTOR were decreased in HG-treated SMG-C6 cells. Pretreatment with 740 Y-P, a PI3 K agonist, significantly suppressed HG-induced autophagy and AQP5 degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that autophagy plays a crucial role in AQP5 degradation in diabetic SMG via PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which contributes to the dysfunction of diabetic SMG. Our study provides a novel mechanism of diabetic hyposalivation.

激光正入射和斜入射下黑磷角分辨偏振拉曼光谱的理解

由于双折射和二向色性效应,从群论方法得到的各向同性材料声子角分辨偏振拉曼(ARPR)强度的选择定则无法应用于各向异性层状材料(ALMs).这两种效应会导致入射激光和散射信号的偏振和强度在ALMs内部依赖于传输深度,使得预测任意激光入射方向下的ARPR强度面临巨大的挑战.本文以面内各向异性的黑磷作为范例,发展了所谓的双折射-二向色性(BLD)模型,定量理解了黑磷在正入射和斜入射时的ARPR强度.特定激发光下两者采用的是同一套实拉曼张量且不需要任何拟合参数,其中双折射和二向色性效应通过复折射率加以考虑.本文还提出了实拉曼张量和复折射率可分别通过主轴的相对拉曼强度及菲涅尔公式拟合入射角依赖的反射率得到.这些结果表明,在BLD模型基础上通过考虑由双折射和二向色性效应所导致的入射激光和散射信号深度依赖的偏振和强度以及多层结构的干涉效应,可定量理解前面报道的置于多层衬底上的ALMs超薄片在激光正入射时依赖于激发光波长、ALM厚度和衬底介质层厚度的反常ARPR强度.该研究可以广泛应用到任意不透明的各向异性晶体中,为预测和操控相关声子的偏振行为提供了一种有效的方法.

认知负荷与编码方式对前瞻记忆及其成分的影响

实验1探究认知负荷(高、低)与编码方式(标准、书写、执行意向)对前瞻记忆的影响,实验2进一步探究其对前瞻记忆两种成分的影响。实验1显示执行意向与书写编码的正确率高于标准编码,而前二者无差异;低负荷的前瞻记忆表现好于高负荷。实验2显示执行意向与书写编码的前瞻成分正确率高于标准编码,而前二者无差异;低负荷的前瞻成分表现好于高负荷;不同认知负荷与编码方式均对回溯成分无影响。结果表明:在意向内容相对简单的情况下,执行意向与书写编码对前瞻记忆的促进作用主要表现在促进前瞻成分的提取,低负荷比高负荷有利于前瞻记忆的成功执行,主要体现在前瞻成分成功率更高。