A randomized, open-label, multicentre study to evaluate plasma atherosclerotic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and arteriosclerosis obliterans when treated with Probucol and Cilostazol

ObjectivesTo 当在联合和 individually.MethodsIn 与 Probucol 正 Cilostazol 对待时，与类型 2 糖尿病 mellitus ( T2DM )和动脉硬化 obliteran ( ASO )在病人评估血浆动脉粥样硬化患者 biomarkers 这开标签的研究， 40-75 年的病人被使随机化独自收到常规治疗，或与 Cilostazol 100 mg 出价，或与 Probucol 250 mg 出价，或与两个在里面联合。端点在 12 weeks.ResultsOf 在血浆 biomarker 和安全包括了变化 200 使随机化病人， 165 为每协议并且 160 分别地为安全(QTc 间隔) 被设置。Probucol 显著地减少了全部的胆固醇(P &#x0003c；0.001 ) ，低密度的脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C ) ，(P = 0.01 ) ，并且高密度的脂蛋白胆固醇(高级数据链路控制)(P &#x0003c；0.001 ) 与常规治疗相比。Cilostazol 在增加高级数据链路控制是有效的(P = 0.002 ) 并且减少 triglycerides 层次(P &#x0003c；0.01 ) 与常规治疗相比。向意义的一个趋势在氧化低密度的脂蛋白为变化为独自一个的常规治疗和 Probucol 正 Cilostazol 组之间的差别被观察(Ox-LDL， P = 0.065 ) 。biomarkers 越过治疗 groups.ConclusionsWe 被发现的留下的多数上的重要效果都没证实 Ox-LDL 能是在评估 biomarkers 之中的可能的血浆动脉粥样硬化患者 biomarker，它与在现出症状之前的潜的研究以前显示出的 T2DM 和 ASO 在病人反映了 Cilostazol 正 Probucol 的合作效果。

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Objective To investigate the influence of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Chinese Han population. Method One hundred and thirty-six Chinese Han people, including 54 T1DM patients and 82 unrelated healthy subjects as control were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for three restriction sites in the VDR gene, which were ApaI, TaqI, and BamI. Results The frequency of B allele of BsmI site in VDR gene was significantly higher in T1DM patients than in healthy subjects (P = 0.033) while no difference was found between the two groups in the distribution of ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms. Conclusion The BsmI polymorphism of VDR gene may be associated with the susceptibility to T1DM in the Chinese Han population of Beijing.

Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Insulin Sensitivity in Insulin Resistant Human Adipocytes

Insulin resistance is an essential characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),which can be induced by glucotoxicity and adipose chronic inflammation.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and their exosomes were reported to ameliorate T2DM and its complications by their immunoregulatory and healing abilities.Exosomes derived from MSCs contain abundant molecules to mediate crosstalk between cells and mimic biological function of MSCs.But the role of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs)in insulin resistance of human adipocytes is unclear.In this study,exosomes were harvested from the conditioned medium of hUC-MSCs and added to insulin-resistant adipocytes.Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured by glucose oxidase/peroxidase assay.The signal pathway involved in exosome-treated adipocytes was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The biological characteristics and function were compared between hUC-MSCs and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hAMSCs).The results showed that hAMSCs had better adipogenic ability than hUC-MSCs.After induction of mature adipocytes by adipogenesis of hAMSC,the model of insulin-resistant adipocytes was successfully established by TNF-αand high glucose intervention.After exosome treatment,the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was significantly increased.In addition,the effect of exosomes could be stabilized for at least 48 h.Furthermore,the level of leptin was significantly decreased,and the mRNA expression of sirtuin-1 and insulin receptor substrate-1 was significantly upregulated after exosome treatment.In conclusion,exosomes significantly improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant human adipocytes,and the mechanism involves the regulation of adipokines.

Chromium-containing traditional Chinese medicine, Tianmai Xiaoke Tablet improves blood glucose through activating insulin-signaling pathway and inhibiting PTP1B and PCK2 in diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE： Chromium is an essential mineral that is thought to be necessary for normal glucose homeostasis. Numerous studies give evidence that chromium picolinate can modulate blood glucose and insulin resistance. The main ingredient of-13anmai Xiaoke （TMXK） Tablet is chromium picolinate. In China, TMXK Tablet is used to treat type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the effect of TMXK on glucose metabolism in diabetic rats to explore possible underlying molecular mechanisms for its action. METHODS： Diabetes was induced in rats by feeding a high-fat diet and subcutaneously injection with a single dose of streptozotocin （50 mg/kg, tail vein）. One week after streptozotocin-injection, model rats were divided into diabetic group, low dose of TMXK group and high dose of TMXK group. Eight normal rats were used as normal control. After 8 weeks of treatment, skeletal muscle was obtained and was analyzed using Roche NimbleGen mRNA array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR）. Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） index were also measured. RESULTS： The authors found that the administration of TMXK Tablet can reduce the fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR index. The authors also found that 2 223 genes from skeletal muscle of the high-dose TMXK group had significant changes in expression （1 752 increased, 471 decreased）. Based on Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis, the most three significant pathways were ＂insulin signaling pathway＂, ＂glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis＂ and ＂citrate cycle （-ICA）＂. qPCR showed that relative levels of forkhead box 03 （Fox03）, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 （Pck2）, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B （Ptplb） were significantly decreased in the high-dose TMXK group, while v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 （Aktl） and insulin receptor substrate 2 （Its2） were increased. CONCLUSION： Our data show that TMXK Tablet reduces fasting glucose level and improves insulin resistance in diabetic rats. The mechanism may be linked to the inactivation of PTP1B and PCK enzymes, or through intracellular pathways, such as the insulin signaling pathway.

New insight of obesity-associated NAFLD: Dysregulated “crosstalk” between multi-organ and the liver?

Obesity plays a crucial role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of obesity-associated NAFLD remains largely obscure. Although the “multiple hit” theory provides a more accurate explanation of NAFLD pathogenesis, it still cannot fully explain precisely how obesity causes NAFLD. The liver is the key integrator of the body's energy needs, receiving input from multiple metabolically active organs. Thus, recent studies have advocated the “multiple crosstalk” hypothesis, highlighting that obesity-related hepatic steatosis may be the result of dysregulated “crosstalk” among multiple extra-hepatic organs and the liver in obesity. A wide variety of circulating endocrine hormones work together to orchestrate this “crosstalk”. Of note, with deepening understanding of the endocrine system, the perception of hormones has gradually risen from the narrow sense (i.e. traditional hormones) to the broad sense of hormones as organokines and exosomes. In this review, we focus on the perspective of organic endocrine hormones (organokines) and molecular endocrine hormones (exosomes), summarizing systematically how the two types of new hormones mediate the dialogue between extra-hepatic organs and liver in the pathogenesis of obesity-related NAFLD.

Gut microbiota:closely tied to the regulation of circadian clock in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),a worldwide epidemic disease,has caused tremendous economic and social burden,but the pathogenesis remains uncertain.Nowadays,the impact of unrhythmic circadian clock caused by irregular sleep and unhealthy diet on T2DM has be increasingly studied.However,the contribution of the endogenous circadian clock system to the development of T2DM has not yet been satisfactorily explored.It is now becoming clear that the gut microbiota and the circadian clock interact with each other to regulate the host metabolism.Considering all these above,we reviewed the literature related to the gut microbiota,circadian clock,and T2DM to elucidate the idea that the gut microbiota is closely tied to the regulation of the circadian clock in the development of T2DM,which provides potential for gut microbiota-directed therapies to ameliorate the effects of circadian disruptions linked to the occurrence and development of T2DM.

Imbalance of Fecal Microbiota at Newly Diagnosed Type Diabetes in Chinese Children

Background： Recent studies have indicated that an imbalance of gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus （TI DM） and there is no literature regarding it in Chinese children yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of gut microbiota between children with newly diagnosed T 1DM and healthy controls and to determine if gut microbiota could partly explain the etiology of this disease. Methods： A case-control study was carried out with 15 children with T 1 DM and 15 healthy children. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene and analyzed by the estimators of community richness （Chao） indexes. Results： There was a notable lower richness of fecal bacteria in T1DM group than controls （156.53 ± 36.96 vs. 130.0 ± 32.85, P - 0.047）. At the genus level, the composition of Blautia was increased in T 1 DM group than control group whereas the composition of Haemophilus, Lachnospira, Dialister, and Acidaminococcus was decreased. In addition, we found that the percentage of Blautia was correlated positively with HbA 1 c （p = 0.40, P - 0.031）, the numbers of T1DM autoantibodies （p = 0.42, P = 0.023）, and the titers of tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies （IA-2） （p= 0.82, P = 0.000） in the study. Conclusions： This study showed that gut microbiota was associated with the development of T 1DM by affecting the autoimmunity, and the results suggested a potential therapy for T1DM via modulating the gut microbiota.

Early-life nutrition and metabolic disorders in later life:a new perspective on energy metabolism

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders have become an epidemic globally.However,the pathogenesis remains largely unclear and the prevention and treatment are still limited.In addition to environmental factors during adulthood,early life is the critical developmental window with high tissue plasticity,which might be modified by external environmental cues.Substantial evidence has demonstrated the vital role of early-life nutrition in programming the metabolic disorders in later life.In this review,we aim to overview the concepts of fetal programming and investigate the effects of early-life nutrition on energy metabolism in later life and the potential epigenetic mechanism.The related studies published on PubMed database up to March 2020 were included.The results showed that both maternal overnutrition and undernutrition increased the riskes of metabolic disorders in offspring and epigenetic modifications,including DNA methylation,miRNAs,and histone modification,might be the vital mediators.The beneficial effects of early-life lifestyle modifications as well as dietary and nutritional interventions on these deleterious metabolic remolding were initially observed.Overall,characterizing the early-life malnutrition that reshapes metabolic disease trajectories may yield novel targets for early prevention and intervention and provide a new point of view to the energy metabolism.

Positive Association Between Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Near CDKAL1 and Reduced Birthweight in Chinese Han Individuals

Background： Fetal insulin hypothesis was proposed that the association between low birth weight and type 2 diabetes is principally genetically mediated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common variants in genes CDKALI, HHEX, ADCY5, SRR, PTPRD that predisposed to type 2 diabetes were also associated with reduced birthweight in Chinese Han population.Methods： Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms （rs7756992/rs10946398 in CDKAL1, rsl 111875 in HHEA; rs391300 in SRR, rs17584499 in PTPRD. rs1170806/rs9883204/rs4678017/rs9881942/rs7641344/rs6777397/rs6226243 in ADCY5） were genotyped in 1174 unrelated individuals born in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1921 to 1954 by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, of which 645 had normal glucose tolerance, 181 had developed type 2 diabetes and 348 impaired glucose regulation. Associations of these 12 genetic variants with birthweight and glucose metabolism in later life were analyzed.Results： Birthweight was inversely associated with CDKAL 1-rs 10946398 （β = -41 g [95% confidence interval [CI]： -80, 3], P= 0.034）, common variants both associated with increased risk of impaired glucose metabolism and decreased insulin secretion index later in life. After adjusting for sex, gestational weeks, parity and maternal age, the risk allele of CDKAL1-rs7756992 was associated with reduced birthweight （β = 36 g [95% CI： -72, -0.2], P = 0.048）. The risk allele in SRR showed a trend toward a reduction ofbirthweight （P =0.085）. Conclusions： This study identified the association between type 2 diabetes risk variants in CDKAL 1 and birthweight in Chinese Hart individuals, and the carrier of risk allele within SRR had the trend of reduced birthweight. This demonstrates that there is a clear overlap between the genetics of type 2 diabetes and fetal growth, which proposes that lower birth weight and type 2 diabetes may be two phenotypes of one genotype.

Relapsed 6q24-related transient neonatal diabetes mellitus successfully treated with sulfonylurea

To the Editor:Neonatal diabetes mellitus(NDM)is defined as diabetes diagnosed within 6 months after birth and occurs in approximately one in every 90,000 to 160,000 live births,with an 80%yield due to a known genetic diagnosis.NDM can be classified as transient(TNDM),permanent(PNDM),or syndromic,in which TNDM accounts for approximately 45%of all cases of NDM.Overexpression of genes on chromosome 6q24 is the most common cause of TNDM(OMIM_601410),which accounts for approximately 70%of all cases and occurs by one of three mechanisms:(1)paternal uniparental disomy(41%),(2)duplication of paternal alleles(33%),or(3)hypomethylation of the maternal allele(26%)[1].

Compound heterozygous mutations in WFS1 cause atypical Wolfram syndrome

To the Editor: Wolfram syndrome (WS, MIM 222300) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in WFS1 or CISD2 (WFS2). Its prevalence is estimated to be one in 160,000 to 770,000.[1] Patients usually present with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) at around 6 years old and then with optic atrophy (OA) at around 11 years old. Other symptoms, such as diabetes insipidus, sensorineural deafness, urinary tract abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric disorders, occur at older ages and affect a fraction of individuals.

Maternal exercise and its beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in offspring

It shows that detrimental exposures and conditions in mothers can lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring.This can lead to a vicious cycle of metabolic dysfunction,where rising rates of obesity,pre-diabetes,and diabetes in individuals of reproductive age,propagating risks to subsequent generations.It is well established that regular exercise has important health benefits for people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Recently,increasing studies aim to examine the effects of maternal exercise on metabolic health in offspring.This review aims to demonstrate the evidence linking maternal exercise during critical periods of development and its implications for glucose metabolism in offspring,including intervention timing,sexual dimorphism,different exercise type,and intensity.Then we further examine the potential role of epigenetic modifications in this process.

Potential contribution of the gut microbiota to hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery

Obesity has become a global health problem. Lifestyle modification and medical treatment only appear to yield short-term weight loss. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most popular bariatric procedure, and it sustains weight reduction and results in the remission of obesity-associated comorbidities for obese individuals. However, patients who undergo this surgery may develop hypoglycemia. To date, the diagnosis is challenging and the prevalence of post-RYGB hypoglycemia (PRH) is unclear. RYGB alters the anatomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract and has a combined effect of caloric intake restriction and nutrient malabsorption. Nevertheless, the physiologic changes after RYGB are complex. Although hyperinsulinemia, incretin effects, dysfunction of β-cells and α-cells, and some other factors have been widely investigated and are reported to be possible mediators of PRH, the pathogenesis is still not completely understood. In light of the important role of the gut microbiome in metabolism, we hypothesized that the gut microbiome might also be a critical link between RYGB and hypoglycemia. In this review, we mainly highlight the current possible factors predisposing individuals to PRH, particularly related to the gut microbiota, which may yield significant insights into the intestinal regulation of glucose metabolic homeostasis and provide novel clues to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Association of serum zinc-α2-glycoprotein with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

To the Editor:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide.It is associated with visceral obesity and is considered to be the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome,as insulin resistance plays a major role in this process.