Rapid and easy determination of morphine in chafing dish condiments with colloidal gold labeling based lateral flow strips

In order to enhance the flavor of chafing dish and increase the attraction of consumers,the poppy shell is reported to be illegally added to the condiments of chafing dish.In this research,a rapid,simple,and convenient method based on the classic immunochromatographic lateral flow strip(LFS)with gold nanoparticles(GNPs)labeling was developed for easy monitoring of morphine(MOP),an effective component of poppy shell.Under optimized conditions,this developed LFS can well realize the detection of target MOP in the condiments of chafing dish in less than 10 min without any complicated pre-treatments.The limit of detection(LOD)can be achieved as low as 0.1 ppb for standard MOP or the MOP spiked condiments of chafing dish.All these results of the research strongly demonstrate that this established LFS method can be successfully applied in practical rapid and accurate on-site screening of poppy shell in condiments of chafing dish.

Memory Trace for Fear Extinction:Fragile yet Reinforceable

Fear extinction is a biological process in which learned fear behavior diminishes without anticipated reinforcement,allowing the organism to re-adapt to ever-changing situations.Based on the behavioral hypothesis that extinction is new learning and forms an extinction memory,this new memory is more readily forgettable than the original fear memory.The brain’s cellular and synaptic traces underpinning this inherently fragile yet reinforceable extinction memory remain unclear.Intriguing questions are about the whereabouts of the engram neurons that emerged during extinction learning and how they constitute a dynamically evolving functional construct that works in concert to store and express the extinction memory.In this review,we discuss recent advances in the engram circuits and their neural connectivity plasticity for fear extinction,aiming to establish a conceptual framework for understanding the dynamic competition between fear and extinction memories in adaptive control of conditioned fear responses.

Neuronal and synaptic adaptations underlying the benefits of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease

Deep brain stimulation(DBS)is a well-established and effective treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease(PD),yet its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic.Optogenetics,primarily conducted in animal models,provides a unique approach that allows cell type-and projection-specific modulation that mirrors the frequency-dependent stimulus effects of DBS.Opto-DBS research in animal models plays a pivotal role in unraveling the neuronal and synaptic adaptations that contribute to the efficacy of DBS in PD treatment.DBS-induced neuronal responses rely on a complex interplay between the distributions of presynaptic inputs,frequency-dependent synaptic depression,and the intrinsic excitability of postsynaptic neurons.This orchestration leads to conversion of firing patterns,enabling both antidromic and orthodromic modulation of neural circuits.Understanding these mechanisms is vital for decoding position-and programming-dependent effects of DBS.Furthermore,patterned stimulation is emerging as a promising strategy yielding long-lasting therapeutic benefits.Research on the neuronal and synaptic adaptations to DBS may pave the way for the development of more enduring and precise modulation patterns.Advanced technologies,such as adaptive DBS or directional electrodes,can also be integrated for circuit-specific neuromodulation.These insights hold the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of DBS and advance PD treatment to new levels.