EXPRESSION AND SWITCHING OF TH1/TH2 TYPE CYTOKINESGENE IN HUMAN GLIOMAS

Objective To study the expression and switching of Th1/Th2 cytokines gene in human gliomas and its effects on occurring and developing of human gliomas. Methods Interleukin(IL)-2 and interferon-γ represent Th1 type cytokines. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 represent Th2 type cytokines. The gene expressions of Th1/Th2 cytokines in human glioma cells, glioma infiltrating lymphocytes, and glioma cell lines were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The biological activity of cytokines in the supernatant of glioma cell lines was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results The total positive rates of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines gene in human glioma cells were 14.77% and 75%. The total positive rates of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines gene in glioma infiltrating lymphocytes were 22.73% and 68.17%. There was obviously predominant expression of Th2 type cytokines in human glioma tissues, glioma infiltrating lymphocytes, and glioma cell lines. There was no unbalanced expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in normal brain tissues. Conclusion There is a predominant expression of Th2 type cytokines in human glioma cells. The switching of Th1/Th2 cytokines gene may play an important role in the occurring and developing of human gliomas.

Impact of Azithromycin on Forsythiaside Pharmacokinetics in Rats:A Population Modeling Method

Objective:Lianhuaqingwen and Shuanghuanglian are drug treatment options for Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).In China,use of traditional Chinese medicine with Shuanghuanglian or Lianhuaqingwen(for them,forsythiaside is the active antiviral and antibacterial component)in combination with azithromycin is common for the treatment of pediatric pneumonia.It is important to understand the reason why the combination of these compounds is better than a single drug treatment.This study aimed to explore the pharmacokinetic interaction between forsythiaside and azithromycin.Methods:Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into an experimental group(Forsythia suspensa extract and azithromycin)and a control group(a single dose of Forsythia suspensa extract in 5%glucose solution).Plasma samples were collected at scheduled time points,and the high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet method was used to determine the plasma forsythiaside concentration.Non-compartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic methods were used to investigate the forsythiaside pharmacokinetic difference between the experimental and control group.Results:Compared with a single administration,the area under the curve and half-life of forsythiaside increased,and forsythiaside clearance decreased significantly after co-administration with azithromycin.The in vivo behavior of forsythiaside could be described by the one compartment model.The forsythiaside clearance decreased when combined with azithromycin.Visual evaluation and bootstrap results suggested that the final model was precise and stable.Conclusion:Co-administration of azithromycin can significantly decrease the forsythiaside clearance and increase drug exposure.A lower dose of azithromycin can obtain sufficient forsythiaside concentration to provide antiviral and antibacterial activity.

FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL RECOVERY OF INJURED SPINAL CORD FOLLOWING DELAYED X-IRRADIATION IN RATS

Objective To test the hypothesis that delayed X-irradiation can enhance the functional and structural recovery of the injured spinal cord in rats. Methods Seventy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, 35 rats in each. The control group sustained a one-minute clip compression (force of clip was 30 g) injury of the spinal cord at the T2 level, without X-irradiation. The experimental group received X-irradiation 14 days after injury. Neurological function was assessed by the modified Tarlov method, including hind limbs movement, inclined plane, and pain withdrawal. These tests were performed in a blinded fashion at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after injury. At 43 days after injury, histological examination of the injured spinal cord was performed following decapitation of the rats. Results Sixty-two rats met the experimental requirements (spinal cord injury was similar), 32 rats in experimental group and 30 rats in control group. Statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in hind limbs movement and inclined plane (P<0.01), but not in the pain withdrawal test. The edema and necrosis areas of injured spinal cords in experimental group were less than those in control group, and axons in experimental group were significantly more than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion Delayed X-irradiation following spinal cord injury may enhance functional recovery by improving and restoring structural integrity of the injured spinal cord in rats.

Application of Keyhole Microneurosurgery in China

INTRODUCTIONMicroneurosurgery made its debut in the early 1960s. It became popular in the medical field and became a primary operation method in neurosurgery since it improved the efficacy of neurosurgery with a less surgery-related injury. Over the past five decades, the accumulation of experience of microsurgery, improvement of microsurgery techniques, refined micro-instruments, and advanced preoperative diagnostic imaging allowed the evolution of microneurosurgery techniques and further reduced surgery-related trauma.

左卡尼汀对环磷酰胺诱导的生精细胞凋亡的疗效机制研究（英文）

目的:环境因素及抗癌药物的使用会导致生精细胞出现凋亡,从而引起男性不育。目前尚缺乏疗效明确的治疗药物。左卡尼汀被用来治疗男性不育取得了一定的疗效。本研究拟通过环磷酰胺诱导的大鼠不育模型,研究左卡尼汀对生精细胞的保护作用。创新点:首次观察了左卡尼汀改善化疗药物环磷酰胺所导致的生殖功能障碍的疗效。方法:采用环磷酰胺诱导大鼠不育模型成功后,给予左卡尼汀治疗15天,然后处死全部大鼠。检测血清中的睾酮和雌激素含量;采用全自动精子分析仪检测附睾组织中精子的数量和质量;采用苏木精-伊红(H&E)染色观察睾丸组织的病理损伤;通过末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的d UTP缺口标记技术(TUNEL)的染色观察睾丸组织中生精细胞的凋亡;采用免疫组织化学法观察睾丸组织中LC3和Beclin-1的表达;采用蛋白质免疫印迹分析(Western blot)和多聚酶链式反应(PCR)分别检测组织中LC3和Beclin-1的表达。结论:左卡尼汀可以通过增加细胞自噬,抑制生精细胞凋亡,提高生精细胞的质量和数量,进而降低环磷酰胺引起的睾丸组织的损伤。