Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs)in plants have been reported to dampen pathogenassociated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity via suppressing PAMP-induced complex formation between the pattern recognition re...Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs)in plants have been reported to dampen pathogenassociated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity via suppressing PAMP-induced complex formation between the pattern recognition receptor(PRR)and its co-receptor BAK1.However,the direct and positive role of RALFs in plant immunity remains largely unknown.Herein,we report the direct and positive roles of a typical RALF,RALF22,in plant immunity.RALF22alone directly elicited a variety of typical immune responses and triggered resistance against the devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a FERONIA(FER)-dependent manner.LORELEI(LRE)-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored protein 1(LLG1)and NADPH oxidase RBOHD were required for RALF22-elicited reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.The mutation of cysteines conserved in the C terminus of RALFs abolished,while the constitutive formation of two disulfide bridges between these cysteines promoted the RALF22-elicited ROS production and resistance against S.sclerotiorum,demonstrating the requirement of these cysteines in the functions of RALF22 in plant immunity.Furthermore,RALF22 amplified the Pep3-induced immune signal by dramatically increasing the abundance of PROPEP3 transcript and protein.Supply with RALF22 induced resistance against S.sclerotiorum in Brassica crop plants.Collectively,our results reveal that RALF22 triggers immune responses and augments the Pep3-induced immune signal in a FER-dependent manner,and exhibits the potential to be exploited as an immune elicitor in crop protection.展开更多
The spin in a rotating frame has attracted a lot of attentions recently,as it deeply relates to both fundamental physics such as pseudo-magnetic field and geometric phase,and applications such as gyroscopic sensors.Ho...The spin in a rotating frame has attracted a lot of attentions recently,as it deeply relates to both fundamental physics such as pseudo-magnetic field and geometric phase,and applications such as gyroscopic sensors.However,previous studies only focused on adiabatic limit,where the rotating frequency is much smaller than the spin frequency.Here we propose to use a levitated nano-diamond with a built-in nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center to study the dynamics and the geometric phase of a rotating electron spin without adiabatic approximation.We find that the transition between the spin levels appears when the rotating frequency is comparable to the spin frequency at zero magnetic field.Then we use Floquet theory to numerically solve the spin energy spectrum,study the spin dynamics and calculate the geometric phase under a finite magnetic field,where the rotating frequency to induce resonant transition could be greatly reduced.展开更多
基金financial y supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31871947)the Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding (No.2021C02064)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.LZ18C140002)。
文摘Rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs)in plants have been reported to dampen pathogenassociated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity via suppressing PAMP-induced complex formation between the pattern recognition receptor(PRR)and its co-receptor BAK1.However,the direct and positive role of RALFs in plant immunity remains largely unknown.Herein,we report the direct and positive roles of a typical RALF,RALF22,in plant immunity.RALF22alone directly elicited a variety of typical immune responses and triggered resistance against the devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a FERONIA(FER)-dependent manner.LORELEI(LRE)-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored protein 1(LLG1)and NADPH oxidase RBOHD were required for RALF22-elicited reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.The mutation of cysteines conserved in the C terminus of RALFs abolished,while the constitutive formation of two disulfide bridges between these cysteines promoted the RALF22-elicited ROS production and resistance against S.sclerotiorum,demonstrating the requirement of these cysteines in the functions of RALF22 in plant immunity.Furthermore,RALF22 amplified the Pep3-induced immune signal by dramatically increasing the abundance of PROPEP3 transcript and protein.Supply with RALF22 induced resistance against S.sclerotiorum in Brassica crop plants.Collectively,our results reveal that RALF22 triggers immune responses and augments the Pep3-induced immune signal in a FER-dependent manner,and exhibits the potential to be exploited as an immune elicitor in crop protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61771278 and 61435007)the Joint Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(6141A02011604)supported by NSF under Grant No.PHY-1555035
文摘The spin in a rotating frame has attracted a lot of attentions recently,as it deeply relates to both fundamental physics such as pseudo-magnetic field and geometric phase,and applications such as gyroscopic sensors.However,previous studies only focused on adiabatic limit,where the rotating frequency is much smaller than the spin frequency.Here we propose to use a levitated nano-diamond with a built-in nitrogen-vacancy(NV)center to study the dynamics and the geometric phase of a rotating electron spin without adiabatic approximation.We find that the transition between the spin levels appears when the rotating frequency is comparable to the spin frequency at zero magnetic field.Then we use Floquet theory to numerically solve the spin energy spectrum,study the spin dynamics and calculate the geometric phase under a finite magnetic field,where the rotating frequency to induce resonant transition could be greatly reduced.
