Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk of women from an e-waste recycling center in China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDEs） can be transferred to infants through the ingestion of breast milk, resulting in potential health risk. In this study, PBDEs, hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers（OH-PBDEs） and 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl（CB-153）in human milk from women living adjacent to e-waste recycling sites of Wenling,China, were investigated. The median level of PBDEs in samples from residents living in the e-waste recycling environment 〉 20 years（R20group, 19.5 ng/g lipid weight（lw））was significantly higher than that for residents living in Wenling 〈 3 years（R3group,3.88 ng/g lw）（p 〈 0.05）, likely ascribable to specific exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling activities. In the R20 group, most congeners（except for BDE-209） were correlated with each other（p 〈 0.05）. Moreover, CB-153 showed significant association with most PBDE congeners, rather than BDE-209. The relationship indicated that most BDE congeners other than BDE-209 shared common sources and/or pathways with CB-153, e.g., dietary ingestion. The correlations between BDE-209 and other congeners were different in the two groups, likely suggesting their different exposure sources and/or pathways for PBDEs.Although estimated dietary intake of PBDEs for infants via breast milk was lower than the minimum value affecting human health, the PBDE exposure of infants should be of great concern because of their potential effect on the development of neonates over long-term exposure. OH-PBDEs were not detected in the collected samples, which is in accordance with reports in published literature, likely indicating that they were not apt to be accumulated in human milk.

Bioavailability and tissue distribution of Dechloranes in wild frogs(Rana limnocharis) from an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China

Dechlorane Plus （DP）,a flame retardant used as an alternative to decabromodiphenylether, has been frequently detected in organisms, indicating its bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in aquatic and terrestrial species. However, little data is available on the bioaccumulation of DP in amphibians. Dechlorane Plus and its analogs （DPs） were detected in the liver, muscle and brain tissues of wild frogs （Rana limnocharis）, which were collected from an e-waste recycling site, Southeast China. DP, Mirex, Dec 602 and a dechlorinated compound of DP （anti-Cll I-DP） varied in the range of 2.01-291, 0.650-179, 0.260-12.4, and not detected （nd）-8.67 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. No difference of tissue distribution was found for syn-DP, Mirex and Dec 602 between the liver and muscle tissue （liver/muscle concentration ratio close to 1, p 〉 0.05）. However, higher retention was observed for anti-DP and anti-Cll1-DP in the frog muscle relative to the liver tissue （liver/muscle concentration ratio 〈 1, p 〈 0.05）. Additionally, the blood-brain barrier was found to work efficiently to suppress these compounds entering brain tissues in this species （liver/brain concentration ratio 〉 l, p 〈 0.05）, and the molecular weight was a key factor impacting the extent of the blood-brain barrier. Compared to levels in the muscle and brain tissue, a preferential enrichment of syn-DP was observed in the liver tissue, suggesting the occurrence of stereo-selective bioaccumulation in the wild frog.

One stop shop:backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera:Ⅰ(2014)

Many fungi are pathogenic on plants and cause significant damage in agriculture and forestry.They are also part of the natural ecosystem and may play a role in regulating plant numbers/density.Morphological identification and analysis of plant pathogenic fungi,while important,is often hampered by the scarcity of discriminatory taxonomic characters and the endophytic or inconspicuous nature of these fungi.Molecular(DNA sequence)data for plant pathogenic fungi have emerged as key information for diagnostic and classification studies,although hampered in part by non-standard laboratory practices and analytical methods.To facilitate current and future research,this study provides phylogenetic synopses for 25 groups of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Mucormycotina(Fungi),and Oomycota,using recent molecular data,up-to-date names,and the latest taxonomic insights.Lineagespecific laboratory protocols together with advice on their application,as well as general observations,are also provided.We hope to maintain updated backbone trees of these fungal lineages over time and to publish them jointly as new data emerge.Researchers of plant pathogenic fungi not covered by the present study are invited to join this future effort.Bipolaris,Botryosphaeriaceae,Botryosphaeria,Botrytis,Choanephora,Colletotrichum,Curvularia,Diaporthe,Diplodia,Dothiorella,Fusarium,Gilbertella,Lasiodiplodia,Mucor,Neofusicoccum,Pestalotiopsis,Phyllosticta,Phytophthora,Puccinia,Pyrenophora,Pythium,Rhizopus,Stagonosporopsis,Ustilago and Verticillium are dealt with in this paper.

Fungal diversity notes 111-252-taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa,including five new families,20 new genera,and 100 new species,representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.The new families,Ascocylindricaceae,Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae(Ascomycota)are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology.The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria(Amniculicolaceae),Heracleicola,Neodidymella and Pseudomicrosphaeriopsis(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces(Didymosphaeriaceae),Brunneoclavispora,Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium(Halotthiaceae),Lophiohelichrysum(Lophiostomataceae),Galliicola,Populocrescentia and Vagicola(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Ascocylindrica(Ascocylindricaceae),Elongatopedicellata(Roussoellaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria(Latoruaceae)and Pseudomonodictys(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae)are introduced.The newly described species of Dothideomycetes(Ascomycota)are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola(Amniculicolaceae),Flammeascoma lignicola(Anteagloniaceae),Ascocylindrica marina(Ascocylindricaceae),Lembosia xyliae(Asterinaceae),Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola(Botryosphaeriaceae),Caryospora aquatica(Caryosporaceae),Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodidymella thailandicum(Didymellaceae),Pseudopithomyces palmicola(Didymosphaeriaceae),Floricola viticola(Floricolaceae),Brunneoclavispora bambusae,Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica(Halotthiaceae),Pseudoasteromassaria fagi(Latoruaceae),Keissleriella dactylidicola(Lentitheciaceae),Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi(Lophiostomataceae),Aquasubmersa japonica(Lophiotremataceae),Pseudomonodictys tectonae(Macrodiplodiopsidaceae),Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae(Microthyriaceae),Alloleptosphaeria clematidis,Allophaeosphaeria cytisi,Allophaeosphaeria subcylindrospora,Dematiopleospora luzulae,Entodesmium artemisiae,Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria,Loratospora luzulae,Nodulosphaeria senecionis,Ophiosphaerella aquaticus,Populocrescentia forlicesenensis and Vagicola vagans(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Elongatopedicellata lignicola,Roussoella magnatum and Roussoella angustior(Roussoellaceae)and Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata(Tetraploasphaeriaceae).The new combinations Pseudomassariosphaeria grandispora,Austropleospora archidendri,Pseudopithomyces chartarum,Pseudopithomyces maydicus,Pseudopithomyces sacchari,Vagicola vagans,Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida and Punctulariopsis efibulata Dothideomycetes.The new genera Dictyosporella(Annulatascaceae),and Tinhaudeus(Halosphaeriaceae)are introduced in Sordariomycetes(Ascomycota)while Dictyosporella aquatica(Annulatascaceae),Chaetosphaeria rivularia(Chaetosphaeriaceae),Beauveria gryllotalpidicola and Beauveria loeiensis(Cordycipitaceae),Seimatosporium sorbi and Seimatosporium pseudorosarum(Discosiaceae),Colletotrichum aciculare,Colletotrichum fusiforme and Colletotrichum hymenocallidicola(Glomerellaceae),Tinhaudeus formosanus(Halosphaeriaceae),Pestalotiopsis subshorea and Pestalotiopsis dracaenea(Pestalotiopsiceae),Phaeoacremonium tectonae(Togniniaceae),Cytospora parasitica and Cytospora tanaitica(Valsaceae),Annulohypoxylon palmicola,Biscogniauxia effusae and Nemania fusoideis(Xylariaceae)are introduced as novel species to order Sordariomycetes.The newly described species of Eurotiomycetes are Mycocalicium hyaloparvicellulum(Mycocaliciaceae).Acarospora septentrionalis and Acarospora castaneocarpa(Acarosporaceae),Chapsa multicarpa and Fissurina carassensis(Graphidaceae),Sticta fuscotomentosa and Sticta subfilicinella(Lobariaceae)are newly introduced in class Lecanoromycetes.In class Pezizomycetes,Helvella pseudolacunosa and Helvella rugosa(Helvellaceae)are introduced as new species.The new families,Dendrominiaceae and Neoantrodiellaceae(Basidiomycota)are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella(Neoantrodiellaceae),here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data.In the class Agaricomycetes,Agaricus pseudolangei,Agaricus haematinus,Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus(Agaricaceae),Amanita melleialba,Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina(Amanitaceae),Entoloma calabrum,Cora barbulata,Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa(Inocybaceae),Xerocomellus sarnarii(Boletaceae),Cantharellus eucalyptorum,Cantharellus nigrescens,Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor(Cantharellaceae),Cortinarius alboamarescens,Cortinarius brunneoalbus,Cortinarius ochroamarus,Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii(Cortinariaceae),Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides(Hymenochaetaceae),Xylodon ramicida(Schizoporaceae),Colospora andalasii(Polyporaceae),Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae(Russulaceae),Tremella dirinariae,Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae(Tremellaceae)are introduced.Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea,Neoantrodiella thujae(Neoantrodiellaceae),Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida,Punctulariopsis efibulata(Punctulariaceae)are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota.Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis,Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana(Cunninghamellaceae),Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana(Mortierellaceae)are newly introduced in the Zygomycota,while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis(Neocallimastigaceae)are introduced in the Neocallimastigomycota.Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia,Cucurbitaria ephedricola,Austropleospora,Austropleospora archidendri,Byssosphaeria rhodomphala,Lophiostoma caulium,Pseudopithomyces maydicus,Massariosphaeria,Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.

Direct comparison of culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular approaches reveal the diversity of fungal endophytic communities in stems of grapevine(Vitis vinifera)

Grapevines(Vitis vinifera)are colonized by ubiquitous microorganisms known as endophytes,which may have advantageous or neutral effects without causing disease symptoms.Certain endophytes are uncultivable,so culture-independent approaches such as next generation sequencing(NGS)can help for a better understanding of their ecology and distribution.To date,there are no studies which directly link NGS results with taxa derived from a culturing approach,integrating morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of endophytes.In this study,a culture-dependent and high-resolution culture-independent approach(next generation sequencing)were used to identify endophytes in grapevine stems.In the culture-dependent approach,a total of 94 isolates were recovered from 84 of 144 healthy grapevine stem fragments(colonization rate=58.3%).The study is unique as we used subsets of combined multi-gene regions to identify the endophytes to species level.Based on each multi-gene phylogenetic analysis,28 species belong to 19 genera(Acremonium,Alternaria,Arthrinium,Ascorhizoctonia,Aspergillus,Aureobasidium,Bipolaris,Botryosphaeria,Botrytis,Chaetomium,Cladosporium,Curvularia,Hypoxylon,Lasiodiplodia,Mycosphaerella,Nigrospora,Penicillium,Phoma,Scopulariopsis)were identified.A higher number of culturable fungi were obtained from 13 year-old vines,followed by eight and three yearold vines.In the culture-independent approach,a fungal richness of 59 operational taxonomic units(OTU)was detected,being highest in 13 year-old grapevines,followed by eight and three years.Even though the cultivation approach detected lower fungal richness,the results related to stem are consistent for fungal community composition and richness.Comparison of the fungal taxa identified by the two approaches resulted in an overlap of 53%of the fungal genera.Due to interspecific variability of the sequences from NGS,in many cases the OTUs(even with the highly abundant ones)were only assignable to order,family or genus level.Incorporating multi-gene phylogenies we successfully identified many of the NGS derived OTUs with poor taxonomic information in reference databases to the genus or species levels.Hence,this study signifies the importance of applying both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches to study the fungal endophytic community composition in Vitis vinifera.This principle could also be applied to other host species and ecosystem level studies.

Biodiversity of fungi on Vitis vinifera L. revealed by traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches

This study is unique as it compares traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches using the same set of samples to study the saprotrophic fungi on Vitis vinifera.We identified the saprotrophic communities of table grape(Red Globe)and wine grape(Carbanate Gernischet)in China using both traditional and culture-independent techniques.The traditional approach used direct observations based on morphology,single spore isolation and phylogenetic analysis yielding 45 taxa which 19 were commonly detected in both cultivars.The same set of samples were then used for Illumina sequencing which analyzed ITS1 sequence data and detected 226 fungal OTUs,of which 176 and 189 belong to the cultivars Carbanate Gernischet and Red Globe,respectively.There were 139 OTUs shared between the two V.vinifera cultivars and 37 and 50 OTUs were specific to Carbanate Gernischet and Red Globe cultivars respectively.In the Carbanate Gernischet cultivar,Ascomycota accounted for 77%of the OTUs and in Red Globe,almost all sequenced were Ascomycota.The fungal taxa overlap at the genus and species level between the traditional and culture-independent approach was relatively low.In the traditional approach we were able to identify the taxa to species level,while in the culture-independent method we were frequently able to identify the taxa to family or genus level.This is remarkable as we used the same set of samples collected in China for both approaches.We recommend the use of traditional techniques to accurately identify taxa.Culture-independent method can be used to get a better understanding about the organisms that are present in a host in its natural environment.We identified primary and secondary plant pathogens and endophytes in the saprotrophic fungal communities,which support previous observations,that dead plant material in grape vineyards can be the primary sources of disease.Finally,based on present and previous findings,we provide a worldwide checklist of 905 fungal taxa on Vitis species,which includes their mode of life and distribution.