Fusagerins A–F,New Alkaloids from the Fungus Fusarium sp.

Fusagerins A–F(1–6),six new alkaloids including a unique one with the rare a-(N-formyl)carboxamide moiety(1),a hydantoin(imidazolidin-2,4-dione)derivative(2),and four fungerin analogues(3–6),were isolated from the crude extract of the fungus Fusarium sp.,together with the known compound fungerin(7).Compound 2 was isolated as a racemate and further separated into two enantiomers on a chiral HPLC column.The structures of 1–6 were determined mainly by NMR experiments,and the absolute configuration of 1 and 2 was assigned by electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations.Compound 7 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae,and weak cytotoxicity against the T24 cells.

与大豆根部健康和胞囊线虫侵染相关的根际细菌群落

采用Biolog和16S r DNA克隆文库分析方法研究了3种处理的大豆植株的根际土壤细菌群落,包括健康大豆植株（healthy）、被大豆胞囊线虫（Heterodera glycines）侵染的大豆植株（SCN）和被大豆胞囊线虫侵染的,但用淡紫拟青霉（Purpureocillium lilacinus）YES-2菌株处理（SCN＋淡紫拟青霉）的大豆植株。Biolog数据分析结果显示,3个处理之间根际细菌群落的底物利用方式差异显著，并且健康大豆植株的底物丰富度和代谢多样性最低。

大豆连作对大豆胞囊线虫胞囊相关细菌群落的影响

大豆胞囊线虫（SCN，Heterodera glycines）在世界很多地方，能够引起大豆产量和质量的明显降低。自然生物控制在大豆胞囊线虫种群调解中起到非常重要的作用。在该研究中，调查了大豆胞囊线虫胞囊寄生细菌群落结构与不同大豆连作年限的关系。在2010年和2011年采集了来自6个田块的大豆连作2年到41年的土样，测定了大豆胞囊线虫的种群密度，并通过微平板KBiolog和PCR-DGGE方法研究了来自于大豆胞囊线虫胞囊细菌的群落。

Phomaketals A and B,pentacyclic meroterpenoids from a eupC overexpressed mutant strain of Phoma sp.

Phomaketals A(1)and B(2),two tropolonic meroterpenoids with the unprecedented pentacyclic skeletons,were isolated from the solid-substrate fermentation cultures of a eupC overexpressed mutant strain of the fungus Phoma sp.,together with a biogenetically related secondary metabolite pughiinin B(3),and the known one noreupenifeldin B(4).The structures of 1–3 were elucidated primarily by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments.The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism calculations and the calculated NMR with DP4+analysis,while that of 3 was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kαradiation.Biogenetically,phomaketals A(1)and B(2)could be derived from the hypothetical tropolonic sesquiterpene intermediates neosetophomone B(6)and 9-R-neosetophomone B(6),respectively,via different reactions cascades.Compound 1 showed antiproliferative effect only against the SUPB15 cells,with an 50%inhibitory concentration(IC50)value of 4.85μmol/L,while the co-isolated known meroterpenoid 4 displayed potent effects against three tumor cell lines,SUPB15,EL4,and H9,showing IC50values of 0.36–27.08μmol/L.

微生物降解塑料的研究进展

塑料广泛应用于人类的生活中,其中约80%的塑料垃圾被填埋,最终成为陆地和海洋垃圾。由于管理与处置不善,这些废弃物造成了巨大的环境污染,目前回收再利用是较好的处置方式,但对某些塑料废弃物并没有妥善的处置方式。生物降解作为环境友好的处置方式,具有巨大的应用潜力。本文对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯和聚氨酯这6种常用塑料的降解微生物及生物降解机制进行了总结,对目前微生物降解塑料存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了促进微生物降解塑料应用的途径,为生物降解塑料菌株和降解酶的开发应用、降解机制研究提供理论参考。

A multi-locus phylogenetic evaluation of Diaporthe (Phomopsis)

The genus Diaporthe(Phomopsis)includes important plant pathogenic fungi with wide host ranges and geographic distributions.In the present study,phylogenetic species recognition in Diaporthe is re-evaluated using a multi-locus phylogeny based on a combined data matrix of rDNA ITS,and partial sequences from the translation elongation factor 1-α(EF 1-α),βtubulin(TUB)and calmodulin(CAL)molecular markers.DNA sequences of available extype cultures have been included,providing a multi-locus backbone tree for future studies on Diaporthe.Four utilizable loci were analyzed individually and in combination,and ITS,EF 1-αand multi-locus phylogenetic trees are presented.The phylogenetic tree inferred by combined analysis of four loci provided the best resolution for species as compared to single gene analysis.Notes are provided for nine species previously known in Phomopsis that are transferred to Diaporthe in the present study.The unraveling of cryptic species complexes of Diaporthe based on Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition(GCPSR)is emphasized.

What are the common anthracnose pathogens of tropical fruits?

t Species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of a wide range of host plants including cultivated and wild tropical fruits.The genetic and ecological diversity of species associated with wild fruits are poorly explored,as compared to those associated with pre and postharvest diseases of cultivated fruits.In the present study,isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from commercially available cultivated fruits,wild fruits(from native trees in natural habitats)and a few herbaceous hosts collected in northern Thailand.These isolates were initially characterized based on analysis of complete sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS),into the genetically defined species complexes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.acutatum,C.boninense and C.truncatum.The isolates were primarily identified in the C.gloeosporioides species complex,based on a strongly supported clade within the ITS gene tree and were further characterized using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphology.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS,partial sequences of actin(ACT),calmodulin(CAL),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),glutamine synthetase(GS)andβtubulin(TUB2)genetic markers were performed individually and in combination.Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto was identified from lime(Citrus aurantifolia)and rose apple(Syzygium samarangense).Colletotrichum fructicola was isolated from dragon fruit(Hylocerous undatus)and jujube(Ziziphus sp.).Colletotrichum endophytica was found only from an unknown wild fruit.We observed a considerable genetic and host diversity of species occurring on tropical fruits within the clade previously known as Colletotrichum siamense sensu lato.The clade consists of isolates identified as pre and postharvest pathogens on a wide range of fruits,including coffee(Coffea arabica),custard apple(Annona reticulata),Cerbera sp.,figs(Ficus racemosa)mango(Mangifera indica),neem(Azadirachta indica)and papaya(Carica papaya)and was the dominant group of species among most wild fruits studied.With the exception of one isolate from banana,which grouped in the C.siamense clade,all the other isolates were identified as Colletotrichum musae.A new species,Colletotrichum syzygicola,associated with Syzygium samarangense in Thailand,is introduced with descriptions and illustrations.This study highlights the need to re-assess the evolutionary relationships of Colletotrichum species occurring on cultivated and wild fruits with emphasis on their ecology and cryptic diversification including sampling at regional and global scales.

The sooty moulds

Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to quantify their economic importance.Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level,but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny.Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae,Capnodiaceae,Chaetothyriaceae,Coccodiniaceae,Euantennariaceae,Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera.However,molecular data is available for only five families.Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states.Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs.Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected,but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities.They are more common in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming.Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential.They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic.This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications.Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical“weed”fungi and bacteria.They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.

食线虫真菌洛斯里被毛孢线粒体基因组的再分析

【目的】鉴定洛斯里被毛孢OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组,验证公布的USA-87-5菌株线粒体基因组中的错误,对洛斯里被毛孢正确的线粒体基因组序列进行注释并开展不同被毛孢物种间的比较线粒体基因组学分析。【方法】借助DNA高通量测序数据并通过必要的Sanger测序组装OWVT-1的线粒体基因组。通过PCR验证OWVT-1与公布的USA-87-5线粒体基因组序列差异的真实性。利用多种生物信息方法分析和注释洛斯里被毛孢的线粒体基因组。【结果】公布的洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5菌株的线粒体基因组存在几处序列错误,包括3处长片段的插入缺失和多处短片段的插入缺失。实际上,洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5与OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组序列完全相同。该菌的线粒体基因组全长62949 bp,在7个基因中共插入13个内含子,部分内含子和基因间区显现出序列退化的特征。洛斯里被毛孢、明尼苏达被毛孢、线虫被毛孢的线粒体基因组具有较强的共线性关系。除一些独立的ORF外,核心蛋白编码基因、rRNA基因和tRNA基因的排列顺序非常保守。基因间区的长短是影响3种被毛孢线粒体基因组大小最主要的因素。【结论】公布的洛斯里被毛孢USA-87-5菌株线粒体基因组中存在序列错误。本文新报道了OWVT-1菌株的线粒体基因组,并进行注释和比较线粒体基因组学分析。

Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Graphostromataceae,Hypoxylaceae,Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae

Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures,as well as overlapping morphological characteristics.In this study,we revise the families Graphostromataceae,Hypoxylaceae,Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae in Xylariales.Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates,data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens.We also collected new specimens from Germany,Italy and Thailand.Combined analyses of ITS,LSU,RPB2 and b-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families.Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree.We accept six genera in Graphostromataceae,19 genera in Hypoxylaceae,four in Lopadostomataceae and 37 genera in Xylariaceae.Five genera previously treated in Xylariaceae are placed in Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis and seven genera are placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis.Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis,while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.Three genera are considered as doubtful.Barrmaelia and Cannonia,presently included in Xylariaceae are transferred to Diatrypaceae and Coniochaetales respectively,based on their morphology and phylogeny.Areolospora and Myconeesia are excluded from Xylariaceae and synonymized with Phaeosporis and Anthostomella respectively.Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus.Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.

Microbiota analysis revealed vertical transmission and microbial adjusting function of symbiotic fungus in the attelabid weevil fungiculture

Dear Editor,Microbial symbionts are crucial participants in the life history of fungus-farming insects (Mueller et al., 2005;Youngsteadt, 2008). The attelabid weevil (Euops chinensis)feeding on Fallopia japonica in southern China, has evolved a special proto-farming bipartite symbiosis with the fungus(Penicillium herquei), which produces antibiotic (+)-scleroderolide in the leaf-rolls ("cradle" for offspring development) to protect the offspring from potential microbial parasites and pathogens (Sakurai, 1985;Wang et al., 2015).

Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae

Anthostomella has long been regarded as a large,but polyphyletic genus in the family Xylariaceae,but species in this group generally lack phylogenetic data.In this study,14 anthostomella-like taxa collected from Italy,were studied using both morphology and molecular data.Single ascospore isolates were obtained and the asexual morphs of five taxa established.The phylogenetic relationships of the xylariaceous taxa were inferred using combined ITS,RPB2,βtubulin and LSU gene regions.We introduce new sequence data for 24 with included the 14 new anthostomella-like taxa.The subfamilies Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae within Xylariaceae were recognized as the two major clades with high bootstrap support.Within the two clades 21 subclades were resolved and the anthostomella-like taxa clustered in five of these subclades indicating that the genus is polyphyletic.Anthostomella sensu stricto comprised A.forlicesenica,A.formosa,A.helicofissa,A.rubicola and A.obesa.The A.formosa and A.rubicola collections morphologically closely resemble the type specimens and therefore we designate reference specimens.Three new species Anthostomella helicofissa,A.forlicesenica and A.obesa are also introduced.Four distinct lineages of anthostomella-like taxa correspondent to four new genera,Anthocanalis,Brunneiperidium,Lunatiannulus and Pyriformiascoma,which are also introduced,while one clustered in Astrocystis and is introduced as a new species.Keys to the new anthostomella-like genera and species examined in this study are provided.

Developmental recording of the ghost-moth larvae after ex situ infection by Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Dear Editor,Chinese cordyceps, a valuable Chinese traditional medicine, is a complex of mummified ghost moth caterpillars and fungal stroma of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Winkler, 2010). O. sinensis has been nominated as the national fungus of China and flagship species of the Tibetan Plateau (Cannon, 2010;Zhang et al., 2012).

How carnivorous fungi use three-celled constricting rings to trap nematodes

Predacious fungi form specialized hyphae structures to trap nematodes and other microscopic animals.Among the six kinds of trapping devices,the constricting ring is the only one that actively captures nematodes.When a nematode enters the aperture of the ring,which is formed by three cells,the cells rapidly triple their vol-ume,close the aperture and hold the nematode in place.Hyphae then penetrate and consume the nematode.This paper reviews the data and hypotheses on con-serving the evolution of constricting rings and their cytological and molecular mechanisms.

Uncovering the mysterious identity of Taisui——an old Chinese folk legend

Dear Editor,Taisui(太岁) has attracted great attention in China because it has been described in ancient Chinese texts as an entity possessing mysterious properties. In Chinese mythology and folklore, Jupiter is the God of the "Sui"(year) and is worshiped in Daoism. Jupiter appears at the same location in the sky approximately every 12 years(Jupiter’s orbit is11.86 years). However, since each cycle of Jupiter lasts for exactly 11.86 years and one Chinese year cycle comprises exactly 12 years, after approximately 84.7 years, Jupiter travels one cycle more than the number of cycles assumed by the ancient Chinese, which is called Taisui. According to the belief of the ancient Chinese, people are alerted when Taisui is digging in the ground, foretelling the destruction of houses or occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes(Zhao et al., 2018).

A set of interesting sequoiatones stereoisomers from a wetland soil-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus

Four interesting sequoiatones stereoisomers(1-4) were isolated from a wetland soil-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus by chiral HPLC.On the basis of comprehensive NMR and mass analyses,their planar structures were elucidated as the same as that of sequoiatone B.Among them,1 and 3(or 2 and 4)were a pair of enantiomers,and 1 and 2(or 3 and 4) were a pair of stereoisomers with epimerization at C-12,which indicated that sequoiatione-type metabolites exist as enantiomers rather than as optically pure compounds in some strains.With the quantum chemical ECD calculations,the absolute configurations of C-8 in 1-4 were determined,which is the first report to establish the absolute configuration of C-8 in sequoiatones.However,the absolute configurations of C-12 in sequoiatones are still unsolved.

Aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides as a novel class of immunomodulators with interleukin-17A inhibitory activity

Interleukin(IL)-17A,a pro-inflammatory cytokine,is a fundamental function in the onset and advancement of multiple immune diseases.To uncover the primary compounds with IL-17A inhibitory activity,a large-scale screening of the library of traditional Chinese medicine constituents and microbial secondary metabolites was conducted using splenic cells from IL-17A-GFP reporter mice cultured under Th17-priming conditions.Our results indicated that some aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides isolated from a wetland mud-derived fungus,Myrothecium gramineum,showed remarkable IL-17A inhibitory activity.Nine new aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides,myrogramins A-I(1,4-11),and two known ones(2 and 3)were isolated and identified from the strain.Compounds 1,3,4,10,and 11 exhibited significant IL-17A inhibitory activity.Among them,compound 3,with a high fermentation yield dosedependently inhibited the generation of IL-17A and suppressed glycolysis in splenic cells under Th17-priming conditions.Strikingly,compound 3 suppressed immunopathology in both IL-17A-mediated animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and pulmonary hypertension.Our results revealed that aureane-type sesquiterpene tetraketides are a novel class of immunomodulators with IL-17A inhibitory activity,and hold great promise applications in treating IL-17A-mediated immune diseases.

Erratum to:Developmental recording of the ghost-moth larvae after ex situ infection by Ophiocordyceps sinensis

This paper contains errors in the authors’affiliations.Wenjia Li,is a Ph.D.candidate in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Jiangchun Wei and Xingzhong Liu are professors in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,which is missing in the original version.