A Technical Roadmap for China’s Petrochemical Industry Upgrading to Achieve Carbon Neutrality

1.Introduction Human’s consumption of fossil fuel energy,accompanied by enormous quantities of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions,is closely related to glacier melting,sea level rise,and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather in the 20th century.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)put forward the goal of carbon neutrality in October 2018.So far,more than 130 countries and regions around the world have proposed their corresponding goal of carbon neutrality.China has also proposed to achieve a carbon peak and carbon neutrality[1].

单原子合金的基本原理和催化应用

在惰性金属表面掺入原子级分散催化活性金属制备而成的单原子合金近年来引起了科研界的极大关注.单原子合金表面独特的几何和电子性质加速了反应物分子的解离并弱化了中间物种的吸附,使其在诸多催化反应中表现出高活性和高选择性.本文总结了单原子合金的结构特征和催化反应性能的最新进展.我们首先列举了一系列单原子合金的可控合成方法,并进一步总结了高端表征技术,特别是原位光谱技术用于识别单原子合金中活性金属原子的几何和电子结构的方法.然后,我们结合多种催化反应,深入探究了单原子合金的几何与电子特性与催化性能之间的构效关系.最后探讨了单原子合金当前面临的挑战和未来的前景.

Synergistic effects and kinetics analysis for co-pyrolysis of vacuum residue and plastics

This study utilizedathermogravimetric analyzer to assess the thermal decomposition behaviors and kinetics properties of vacuum residue(VR)and low-density polyethylene(LDPE)polymers.The kinetic parameters were calculated using the Friedman technique.To demonstrate the interactive effects between LDPE and VR during the co-pyrolysis process,the disparity in mass loss and mass loss rate between the experimental and calculated values was computed.The co-pyrolysis curves obtained through estimation and experimentation exhibited significantdeviations,whichwerei influencedby temperature and mixing ratio.A negative synergistic interaction was observed between LDPE and VR,although this inhibitory effect could be mitigated or eliminated by reducing the LDPE ratio in the mixture and increasing the co-pyrolysistemperature.Theco-pyrolysisprocess resulted in a reduction in carbon residue,which could be attributed to the interaction between LDPE and the heavy fractions,particularly resin and asphaltene,present in VR.These findings align with the pyrolysis behaviors exhibited by the four VR fractions.Furthermore,it was observed that the co-pyrolysis process exhibited lower activation energy as the VR ratio increased,indicating a continuous enhancement in the reactivity of the mixed samples during co-pyrolysis.

Self-assembly with varying hydrophobic centers:Synthesis of red blood cell-like basic magnesium carbonate microspheres

Basic magnesium carbonate microspheres with a red blood cell （RBC）-like appearance and diameters of ~3μm were synthesized by amphiphilic molecule-participated self-assembly under hydrothermal conditions, In the self-assembly, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate served as a template for the formation of Mg（OH）2 spherical micelles and also as a reactant precursor that releases CO2 to react with Mg（OH）2. The growth of the microspheres is driven by the continuous generation of new hydrophobic centers because of the consumption of hydrophilic poles （--SO3-）. The surfactant-directed self-assembly can be applied to the synthesis of other carbonate or metallic oxide self-assemblies, indicating that it is a universal self-assembly method for amphiphilic molecules.

Effect of wall boundary condition on CFD simulation of CFB risers

The effect of solid-phase wall boundary condition on the numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in CFB risers containing FCC particles was investigated using the two-fluid model incorporating the kinetic the- ory of granular flow. Both the Gidaspow drag model and the EMMS-based drag model were used. The Johnson and Jackson （1987） wall boundary condition was applied to describe the interaction between particles and wall. Based on the experimental system of Li and Kwauk （1994）, parametric studies of spec- ularity coefficient （cp = 1.0, 0.6, 0.0005, 0.00005, 0） and particle-wall restitution coefficient （ew = 0.6, 0.9, 0.95, 0.99, 0.999） were performed to evaluate their effects on axial voidage profile, solids flux, meso-scale and heterogeneous structures. Simulation results showed that solid-phase wall boundary condition had little effect on axial voidage profile when the Gidaspow drag model was used. However, the specular- ity coefficient ~a had a pronounced influence on flow behavior when the EMMS-based drag model was used, and a small specularity coefficient （cp = 0.00005, 0） could result in better agreement with exper- imental data. The particle-wall restitution coefficient ew plays but a minor role in the holistic flow characteristics.

Particle clustering(mesoscale structure)of high-flux gas-solid circulating fluidized bed

Particle clustering is an important dynamic phenomenon in circulating-fluidized-bed(CFBs)systems,and has been suggested as a key contributing factor to the non-uniform hydrodynamics of CFBs.Studies show that particle clusters can be affected by solids flux,in terms of frequency,duration,and solids holdup.To understand the characteristics of particle clusters under high-solids-flux conditions,experimental and modeling studies in high-solids-flux gas-solids CFBs were reviewed and summarized.Optical and electrical measurements and imaging methods were used to monitor the particle-clustering phenomenon in CFBs.Particles were found to cluster in high-flux CFBs,and were characterized by a denser cluster-solids holdup and a shorter time fraction,which was different from the behavior in low-flux CFBs.Particle properties affected particle clustering in high-flux CFBs significantly.In modeling work,Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian methods were used to study the particle-cluster characteristics.Good results can be obtained by using the Eulerian-Eulerian method to simulate the CFB system,especially the high-flux CFBs,and by considering the effects of particle clusters.The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is used to obtain detailed cluster characteristics.Because of limits in computing power,no obvious results exist to model particle clusters under high-solids-flux conditions.Because high-solids-flux conditions are used extensively in industrial applications,further experimental and numerical investigations on the clustering behavior in HF/DCFBs are required.

Axial flow structure of solids holdup in an 18-m high-density CFB riser based on pressure measurements

The axial flow structure in a high-density CFB riser having a height of 18 m is investigated on the basis of pressure measurements.Solids circulation rates reach 1400 kg/(m2 s)at superficial gas velocities of 5-9 m/s and the apparent solids holdup exceeds 0.2,indicating high-density operations have been achieved.The apparent solids holdup increases with the solids circulation rate increasing and/or superficial gas velocity decreasing.Axial distributions of the apparent solids holdup have exponential shapes with denser regions at the bottom and more dilute regions in the upper part.The apparent slip velocity increases with the increasing solids holdup and reaches 14 m/s,showing that there are more opportunities of cluster formation in high-density operation.Furthermore,the apparent slip velocity has a power relation with the apparent solids holdup under a wide range of operating conditions.