Inherited photoreceptor degeneration(IPD):The human retina is a highly specialised tissue that enables the perception of light across a range of intensities and colours.It covers about65%of the inner surface of the...Inherited photoreceptor degeneration(IPD):The human retina is a highly specialised tissue that enables the perception of light across a range of intensities and colours.It covers about65%of the inner surface of the eye and contains three layers of cells:the outer nuclear layer(ONL)containing the cell bodies and nuclei of the light-sensitive rod and cone photoreceptorswhose photopigment-containing outer segments form the photoreceptor layer; the inner nuclear layer (INL) containing bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells; and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) from which the optic nerve arises. There are two layers of synaptic connections between these three layers: the photoreceptors synapse with second order neurons, mainly bi- polar cells, in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), while in turn the bipolar cells form connections in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with ganglion cells. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies directly behind the photoreceptor layer, is heavily pigmented to reduce scattering of light, and is essential for the nourishment, maintenance and metabolism of photoreceptors.展开更多
Age-related macular degeneration:Agerelated macular degeneration(AMD)is a retinal degenerative disorder,characterized by the irreversible loss of the central vision during ageing.This chronic,progressive disease has b...Age-related macular degeneration:Agerelated macular degeneration(AMD)is a retinal degenerative disorder,characterized by the irreversible loss of the central vision during ageing.This chronic,progressive disease has been estimated to currently affect around 196 million people worldwide and will increase to 288 million in 2040(Wong,et al.,2014).Early AMD is defined by the presence of drusen underneath the retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)layer.Late AMD can be divided into two groups,"wet AMD"and"dry AMD",depending on the underlying clinical features.展开更多
Human papillomavirus(HPV)infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers.Up to 38%–80%of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HN...Human papillomavirus(HPV)infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers.Up to 38%–80%of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)in oropharyngeal location(OPSCC)and nearly all cervical cancers contain the HPV genome which is implicated in causing cancer through its oncoproteins E6 and E7.Given by the biologically distinct HPV-related OPSCC and a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative tumors,clinical trials on de-escalation treatment strategies for these patients have been studied.It is therefore raised the questions for the patient stratification if treatment de-escalation is feasible.Moreover,understanding the crosstalk of HPV-mediated malignancy and immunity with clinical insights from the proportional response rate to immune checkpoint blockade treatments in patients with HNSCC is of importance to substantially improve the treatment efficacy.This review discusses the biology of HPV-related HNSCC as well as successful clinically findings with promising candidates in the pipeline for future directions.With the advent of various sequencing technologies,further biomolecules associated with HPV-related HNSCC progression are currently being identified to be used as potential biomarkers or targets for clinical decisions throughout the continuum of cancer care.展开更多
基金Work in Dr.Shu’s lab was supported by the Rosetrees Trust(No.M160 and M160-F1)the Fight for Sight,the Glasgow Children’s Hospital Charity(No.YRSS/PSG/2014)the Visual Research Trust(No.VR2014)
文摘Inherited photoreceptor degeneration(IPD):The human retina is a highly specialised tissue that enables the perception of light across a range of intensities and colours.It covers about65%of the inner surface of the eye and contains three layers of cells:the outer nuclear layer(ONL)containing the cell bodies and nuclei of the light-sensitive rod and cone photoreceptorswhose photopigment-containing outer segments form the photoreceptor layer; the inner nuclear layer (INL) containing bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells; and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) from which the optic nerve arises. There are two layers of synaptic connections between these three layers: the photoreceptors synapse with second order neurons, mainly bi- polar cells, in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), while in turn the bipolar cells form connections in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with ganglion cells. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies directly behind the photoreceptor layer, is heavily pigmented to reduce scattering of light, and is essential for the nourishment, maintenance and metabolism of photoreceptors.
基金supported by the Rosetrees Trust,National Eye Research Centre,Tenovus Scotlandthe Lotus Scholarship Program of Hunan Province(2019)(to XS)。
文摘Age-related macular degeneration:Agerelated macular degeneration(AMD)is a retinal degenerative disorder,characterized by the irreversible loss of the central vision during ageing.This chronic,progressive disease has been estimated to currently affect around 196 million people worldwide and will increase to 288 million in 2040(Wong,et al.,2014).Early AMD is defined by the presence of drusen underneath the retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)layer.Late AMD can be divided into two groups,"wet AMD"and"dry AMD",depending on the underlying clinical features.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Medical and the Health Science Project of Zhejiang Province(2019KY327)Guangji Talents Foundation Award(E)of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital。
文摘Human papillomavirus(HPV)infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers.Up to 38%–80%of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)in oropharyngeal location(OPSCC)and nearly all cervical cancers contain the HPV genome which is implicated in causing cancer through its oncoproteins E6 and E7.Given by the biologically distinct HPV-related OPSCC and a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative tumors,clinical trials on de-escalation treatment strategies for these patients have been studied.It is therefore raised the questions for the patient stratification if treatment de-escalation is feasible.Moreover,understanding the crosstalk of HPV-mediated malignancy and immunity with clinical insights from the proportional response rate to immune checkpoint blockade treatments in patients with HNSCC is of importance to substantially improve the treatment efficacy.This review discusses the biology of HPV-related HNSCC as well as successful clinically findings with promising candidates in the pipeline for future directions.With the advent of various sequencing technologies,further biomolecules associated with HPV-related HNSCC progression are currently being identified to be used as potential biomarkers or targets for clinical decisions throughout the continuum of cancer care.