An analytical symplectic approach to the vibration analysis of orthotropic graphene sheets

A nonlocal continuum orthotropic plate model is proposed to study the vibration behavior of single-layer graphene sheets(SLGSs) using an analytical symplectic approach. A Hamiltonian system is established by introducing a total unknown vector consisting of the displacement amplitude, rotation angle, shear force, and bending moment.The high-order governing differential equation of the vibration of SLGSs is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations in symplectic space. Exact solutions for free vibration are obtianed by the method of separation of variables without any trial shape functions and can be expanded in series of symplectic eigenfunctions. Analytical frequency equations are derived for all six possible boundary conditions. Vibration modes are expressed in terms of the symplectic eigenfunctions. In the numerical examples, comparison is presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. Comprehensive numerical examples for graphene sheets with Levy-type boundary conditions are given. A parametric study of the natural frequency is also included.

Fracture analysis of magnetoelectroelastic bimaterials with imperfect interfaces by symplectic expansion

A Hamiltonian-based analytical method is used to study the mode Ⅲ interface cracks in magnetoelectroelastic bimaterials with an imperfect interface. By introducing an unknown vector, the governing equations are reformulated in sets of first-order ordinary differential equations. Using separation of variables, eigensolutions in the symplectic space are obtained. An exact solution of the unknown vector is obtained and expressed in terms of symplectic eigensolutions. Singularities of mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields are evaluated with the generalized intensity factors. Comparisons are made to verify accuracy and stability of the proposed method. Numerical examples including mixed boundary conditions are given.

Accurate and straightforward symplectic approach for fracture analysis of fractional viscoelastic media

An accurate and straightforward symplectic method is presented for the fracture analysis of fractional two-dimensional(2D)viscoelastic media.The fractional Kelvin-Zener constitutive model is used to describe the time-dependent behavior of viscoelastic materials.Within the framework of symplectic elasticity,the governing equations in the Hamiltonian form for the frequency domain(s-domain)can be directly and rigorously calculated.In the s-domain,the analytical solutions of the displacement and stress fields are constructed by superposing the symplectic eigensolutions without any trial function,and the explicit expressions of the intensity factors and J-integral are derived simultaneously.Comparison studies are provided to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the present solutions.A detailed analysis is made to reveal the effects of viscoelastic parameters and applied loads on the intensity factors and J-integral.

Optimization Design of an Embedded Multi-Cell Thin-Walled Energy Absorption Structures with Local Surface Nanocrystallization

Bymeans of the local surface nanocrystallization that enables to change the material on local positions,an innovative embedded multi-cell(EMC)thin-walled energy absorption structures with local surface nanocrystallization is proposed in this paper.The local surface nanacrystallization stripes are regarded as the moving morphable components in the domain for optimal design.Results reveal that after optimizing the local surface nanocrystallization layout,the specific energy absorption(SEA)is increased by 50.78%compared with the untreated counterpart.Besides,in contrast with the optimized 4-cell structure,the SEA of the nanocrystallized embedded 9-cell structure is further enhanced by 27.68%,in contrast with the 9-cell structure,the SEA of the nanocrystallized embedded clapboard type 9-cell structure is enhanced by 3.61%.Thismethod provides a guidance for the design of newenergy absorption devices.

A Symplectic Method of Numerical Simulation on Local Buckling for Cylindrical Long Shells under Axial Pulse Loads

In this paper,the local buckling of cylindrical long shells is discussed under axial pulse loads in a Hamiltonian system.Using this system,critical loads and modes of buckling of shells are reduced to symplectic eigenvalues and eigensolutions respectively.By the symplectic method,the solution of the local buckling of shells can be employed to the expansion series of symplectic eigensolutions in this system.As a result,relationships between critical buckling loads and other factors,such as length of pulse load,thickness of shells and circumferential orders,have been achieved.At the same time,symmetric and unsymmetric buckling modes have been discuss.Moreover,numerical results show that modes of post-buckling of shells can be Bamboo node-type,bending type,concave type and so on.Research in this paper provides analytical supports for ultimate load prediction and buckling failure assessment of cylindrical long shells under local axial pulse loads.

Radical induced quartet photosensitizers with high ^(1)O_(2) production for in vivo cancer photodynamic therapy

Singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)) is a strong oxidant which plays important roles in photodynamic therapy(PDT). The exploitation of photosensitizers with high ^(1)O_(2) production is crucial to improve PDT efficiency. In this study, a radical labeled quartet photosensitizer Cy-DENT is reported with high singlet oxygen quantum yield(Φ_(Δ)=32.3%) due to a radical enhanced inter-system crossing(ISC) process. After the introduction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy(TEMPO) radical, quartet state ^(4)[R,T] of CyDENT could be formed to give an over 20-fold enhancement of singlet oxygen quantum yield compared to Cy-DEN(without TEMPO radical) under irradiation of near infrared(NIR) light. In addition, the ^(1)O_(2 )production is well controlled by varying the electron-donating ability of the terminal substituent group. Cy-DENT possesses good cell permeability and is localized in mitochondria. Under the irradiation of 700 nm light, Cy-DENT can produce high levels of ROS to destroy the mitochondria membrane potential and induce cell apoptosis. Through the encapsulation of PEG-SS-PCL micelle, Cy-DENT can be effectively delivered to tumors and suppresses the tumor growth after PDT treatment.

An Optimal Design of the Two-Staged Square Sectional Combined Energy Absorption Structure with Local Surface Nanocrystallization

In this paper,a local surface nanocrystallization technology is used for thin-walled structures with square cross sections,and an energy absorption device of two-staged combined energy absorption structure is proposed.In virtue of the surface nanocrystallization that enables to change the material on local positions,the structural deformation is induced and controlled to maximize the energy absorption capacity.A numerical model of the two-staged combined energy absorption structure is established,and the local surface nanocrystallization layout is optimized.The results show that the specific energy absorption of two-staged combined structure with local surface nanocrystallization can be increased by 34.36%compared with the untreated counterpart of the same material and structural shape.The ratio between the first and second peak crushing forces and the energy absorption allocation ratio between the two stages can be adjusted in the ranges of 0.26–0.55 and 0.31–0.45,respectively,which can be controlled by the local surface nanocrystallization designs.The numerical simulation and experimental results are in good agreement,which shows that the design for energy absorption device with local surface nanocrystallization is feasible and effective.