Crossing epigenetic frontiers: the intersection of novel histone modifications and diseases

Histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs), as one of the core mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, are garnering increasing attention due to their close association with the onset and progression of diseases and their potential as targeted therapeutic agents. Advances in high-throughput molecular tools and the abundance of bioinformatics data have led to the discovery of novel HPTMs which similarly affect gene expression, metabolism, and chromatin structure. Furthermore, a growing body of research has demonstrated that novel histone modifications also play crucial roles in the development and progression of various diseases, including various cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, and reproductive system diseases. This review defines nine novel histone modifications: lactylation, citrullination, crotonylation, succinylation, SUMOylation, propionylation, butyrylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and 2-hydroxybutyrylation. It comprehensively introduces the modification processes of these nine novel HPTMs, their roles in transcription, replication, DNA repair and recombination, metabolism, and chromatin structure, as well as their involvement in promoting the occurrence and development of various diseases and their clinical applications as therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers. Moreover, this review provides a detailed overview of novel HPTM inhibitors targeting various targets and their emerging strategies in the treatment of multiple diseases while offering insights into their future development prospects and challenges. Additionally, we briefly introduce novel epigenetic research techniques and their applications in the field of novel HPTM research.

Injury severity analysis of electric bike crashes in Changsha, Hunan Province: taking different lighting conditions into consideration

With the increasing use of electric bikes, electric bike crashes occur frequently. Analysing the influencing factors of electric bikecrashes is an effective way to reduce mortality and improve road safety. In this paper, spatial analysis is performed by geographicinformation system (GIS) to present the hot spots of electric bike crashes during daylight and darkness in Changsha, Hunan Province,China. Based on the Ordered Probit (OP) model, we studied the risk factors that led to different severities of electric bike crashes.The results show that the main influencing variables include age, illegal behaviour, collision type and road factors. During daylightand darkness, elderly electric bike riders over the age of 65 years have a higher probability of fatal crashes. Not following trafficsignals and reverse driving are significantly related to the severity of riders’ injuries. In darkness, frontal collisions are significantfactors causing rider injury. In daylight, more serious crashes will be caused in bend and slope road segments. In darkness, roadswith no physically separated bicycle lanes increases the risk of riders being injured. Electric bike crashes are mainly concentratedin the commercial, public service and residential areas in the main urban area. In suburbs at darkness, electric bike riders are morelikely to be seriously injured. Adding protectionmeasures, such as improved lighting, non-motorized lane facilities and interventionstargeting illegal behaviour in the hot spot areas can effectively reduce the number of electric bike crashes in complex traffic.

Multiple air route crossing waypoints optimization via artificial potential field method

Air route crossing waypoint optimization is one of the effective ways to improve airspace utilization,capacity and resilience in dealing with air traffic congestion and delay.However,research is lacking on the optimization of multiple Crossing Waypoints(CWPs)in the fragmented airspace separated by Prohibited,Restricted and Dangerous areas(PRDs).To tackle this issue,this paper proposes an Artificial Potential Field(APF)model considering attractive forces produced by the optimal routes and repulsive forces generated by obstacles.An optimization framework based on the APF model is proposed to optimize the different airspace topologies varying the number of CWPs,air route segments and PRDs.Based on the framework,an adaptive method is developed to dynamically control the optimization process in minimizing the total air route cost.The proposed model is applied to a busy controlled airspace.And the obtained results show that after optimization the safety-related indicators:conflict number and controller workload reduced by 7.75%and 6.51%respectively.As for the cost-effectiveness indicators:total route length,total air route cost and non-linear coefficient,declined by 1.74%,3.13%and 1.70%respectively.While the predictability indicator,total flight delay,saw a notable reduction by 7.96%.The proposed framework and methodology can also provide an insight in the understanding of the optimization to other network systems.