MXenes for perovskite solar cells:Progress and prospects

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been developed over the past decade as the forefront of the state-of-theart photovoltaic technologies owing to their high efficiency and low cost,where nanostructured functional materials play key roles in performance optimization.As a versatile class of two-dimensional(2D)materials,transition metal carbides/nitrides MXenes have gained enormous attentions in PSCs since 2018 due to their superior properties such as excellent metallic conductivity,abundant surface functional groups,tunable work functions,high optical transparency,and mechanical robustness.The explorations of MXenes are of significance in performance promotion and commercialization expansion of devices.As such,this review focuses on the diversified advantages of MXenes,comprehensively summarizing their applications and developments in PSCs as additives,electron/hole transporting layers,interfacial engineering layers,and electrodes in sequence and explaining the relevant mechanisms behind.Simultaneously,the problems emerged from the related studies are considered and the corresponding suggestions like opening up the type of MXenes usage,taking further insight of the modulation of surface termination groups on Fermi levels,understanding the effect on energy level structures of perovskite or other functional layers,and realizing commercialization,etc.are provided for the future in-depth explorations.This review is intended to provide overall perspective of the current status of MXenes and highlight the direction for the future advancements in MXenes design and processes towards efficient,stable,large-area,and low-cost PSCs.

Collatz Iterative Trajectories of All Odd Numbers Attain Bounded Values

The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slope being less than 1. An odd number N that satisfies the condition of a slope less than 1 after nth Collatz iterations is defined as an n-step odd number. Through statistical analysis, it is found that after nth Collatz iterations, the iterative value of any n-step odd number N that is greater than 1 is less than N, which proves that the slope less than 1 is a sufficient and necessary condition for Collatz iteration convergence.

利用光热耦合下的光电导研究TiO2光热催化还原CO2（英文）

利用太阳能缓解能源危机和解决环境污染,是当前和未来的全球性课题.其中,光催化技术的研究步伐日渐加快.这不仅体现在光催化材料种类的增加,更体现在以光催化为基础的多场协同催化,特别是光热耦合作用成为增强光催化性能的一种高效、可靠的方法.氧空位的引入不仅可以拓宽催化剂对可见光的吸收、抑制载流子的复合、促进反应物的吸附以及降低反应的活化能,而且对于光热协同催化效率的提升有着重要的贡献.然而,目前光热协同催化的表征多局限于常规的光催化手段.开展光热耦合下的测量技术对深刻理解光热催化是十分必要的.本文研究温度、气氛、氧空位浓度对TiO2光电导的影响,构建光电导与光热催化活性之间的关系.我们将商用的ST-01 TiO2制成浆料,利用丝网印刷法将浆料覆盖在刻有沟槽的FTO上,并通过N2/H2混合气不同温度退火,得到不同氧空位含量的TiO2薄膜(Ov-TiO2).采用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis),拉曼光谱(Raman),电子顺磁共振(ESR)等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,N2/H2退火温度越高,氧空位浓度越高.我们对不同浓度氧空位的样品进行了光催化及光热协同催化CO2还原实验.结果表明,适量氧空位的样品(H2-150)光催化还原CO2性能最差,但光热协同催化还原CO2的性能最佳.我们对其光电导值的衰减情况进行了分析,看到H2-150样品在CO2气氛、光热条件下,电导衰减加快.由于光电导的衰减是由电荷复合和电荷参与的表面反应共同决定的,为确定是哪一因素决定了电导的衰减,我们进一步测试了H2-150样品在N2气氛下的电导衰减情况.结果发现,H2-150样品在N2气氛、光热条件下电导衰减反而变慢.这表明,造成H2-150样品在CO2气氛、光热条件下的电导衰减加快是光热条件下CO2还原速率加快,也验证了H2-150具有较好的光热催化CO2活性.与H2-150样品不同的是,大量氧空位样品(H2-350)在CO2气氛、光热条件下电导衰减反而变慢,我们认为这是由于H2-350存在深能级缺陷,在热的作用下会将捕获的电子释放,因此延缓了光电导的衰减.但由于深能级电子的还原能力较弱,所以H2-350样品的光热CO2还原活性稍逊于H2-150.综上所述,在光热电导与光热催化相关的研究中,我们证实了在Ov-TiO2中被捕获的电子在热激发下可再次向导带弛豫,从而解释了Ov-TiO2优异的光热催化性能.因此,光热电导的研究在理解光热催化方面具有重要的前景.

TiO2(B)多孔微球高湿光热催化降解NOx性能

近年来,半导体氧化物光催化技术由于反应条件温和,在消除环境空气中氮氧化物NOx(NO+NO2)方面得到了广泛的关注.然而,随着反应过程中湿度的逐渐增加,催化剂表面水的覆盖率也逐渐增加,从而导致许多光催化材料高湿失活.因此研发高湿条件下仍具有高活性的催化剂成为高效脱除大气环境中NOx的关键.本文制备了粒径为1-2μm,结晶度较高的单斜相TiO2(B)微球催化剂.BET和孔结构分析发现, TiO2(B)微球具有高比表面积的多孔结构.催化性能测试发现, TiO2(B)多孔微球在相对湿度为20%时,光热催化下的非NO2选择性高达99%;当相对湿度增至80%时仍保持在96.18%.相比之下,当反应气相对湿度从20%增加到80%时,标准商用二氧化钛P25的非NO2选择性却由95.02%降至58.33%,可见, TiO2(B)多孔微球在光热催化反应中具有较强的耐湿性.进一步研究发现,光热反应中,水在催化剂表面的覆盖率明显减少,从而促进了超氧自由基的形成.ESR自由基捕获实验表明,相较于室温下的光催化反应,光热条件下TiO2(B)微球的超氧自由基含量明显提升,更多的超氧自由基更有利于NO的深度氧化以及抑制毒副产物NO2的生成,从而有效提高了NOx的去除效率,并明显提升了非NO2选择性.原位红外光谱表明,相比于标准P25在光催化和光热催化过程中硝酸根与亚硝酸根含量与暗吸附过程中基本保持不变的情况, TiO2(B)微球在光催化过程中硝酸根的含量相较于暗吸附过程随时间的增加而明显增加,表明在光催化过程中更多的NO在TiO2(B)微球表面生成了更为稳定的含氮化合物;而在光热催化过程中,随反应时间的增加,催化剂表面的亚硝酸根含量逐渐减少,硝酸根含量明显增加,由此表明在光热催化条件下, TiO2(B)微球对NO的深度氧化促进作用明显优于标准商用P25.本文有助于耐湿性光热催化剂的设计,为炎热高湿气候下NOx的脱除提供了参考.

基于Cu_xO电子转移助剂及TiO_2价带边调控的协同效应驱动可见光催化(英文)

TiO_2基光催化剂迈向实际应用的关键在于更加有效地分离电荷和拓宽光吸收范围至可见光区域.通过担载助剂促进光生电荷分离以及掺杂调控能带、提高可见光吸收是实现高性能光催化剂的两个重要途径.在众多助剂中,廉价、无毒且催化性能优异的过渡金属氧化物(如Co-,Ni-,Cu-和Fe-氧化物)助剂在光催化降解污染物、水分解、CO_2还原等领域尤其引人关注.而氧缺陷作为氧化物的固有缺陷,可实现TiO_2的能带调控,提升可见光吸收性能.其中,常见的缺氧缺陷是通过导带边调控来拓宽可见光吸收范围,但其光生电子还原能力降低.因TiO_2价带空穴具有足够强的氧化能力,本文拟通过在TiO_2中引入富氧缺陷调控价带边及担载电子转移助催化剂的途径研制高效可见响应型光催化剂.本文利用超声喷雾热解过氧钛酸和湿化学浸渍法制备了Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),N_2吸附-脱附等温曲线,X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis-DRS)等手段对Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球的结构特征和光谱吸收性质进行系统研究.SEM,TEM和N2吸附/脱附等温曲线结果表明,Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球是纳米颗粒紧凑堆叠的介孔微球,直径为200–2000 nm,Cu元素高度均匀分散于微球上.XRD和XPS分析表明,富氧缺陷TiO_2微球相比参照TiO_2微球具有更大的晶格参数,同时晶体中具有大量的过氧物种(Ti-O-O),证明了过氧缺陷的存在.UV-Vis-DRS和XPS的价带谱验证,富氧缺陷使得TiO_2价带顶上移,提高了可见光吸收性能.鲁米诺化学发光(CL)探针实验进一步证明,表面负载的Cu_xO助剂将表面吸附氧高效还原为活性氧物种(O2·–和H_2O_2),提高了光生电子利用率.因此,Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球表现出更快的可见光催化降解乙醛速率,分别为富氧型TiO_2、非富氧型TiO_2和Cu_xO-TiO_2的8.6、13.0和11.0倍.并且,Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球在可见光催化降解乙醛的五次循环实验中,活性基本保持不变.Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球在模拟太阳光和UV光辐照下光催化降解乙醛速率相比富氧型TiO_2微球也大幅提升,分别提升4.6和2.7倍.Cu_xO负载富氧型TiO_2微球光催化性能增强归因于富氧缺陷和Cu_xO电子转移助催化剂的协同作用.其中,富氧缺陷使得TiO_2价带边上移,拓宽可见光吸收范围,Cu_xO电子转移助剂引入界面电荷转移和多电子氧还原过程,加速光生电子利用率,促进光生电荷分离.该策略也为开发其他高效异质结光催化剂提供参考.

TiO_2 nanoparticle-based electron transport layer with improved wettability for efficient planar-heterojunction perovskite solar cell

The electron transport layer(ETL) plays an important role in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell(PSCs),by affecting the light-harvesting, electron injection and transportation processes, and especially the crystallization of perovskite absorber. In this work, we utilized a commercial TKD-TiO_2 nanoparticle with a small diameter of 6 nm for the first time to prepare a compact ETL by spin coating. The packing of small-size particles endowed TKD-TiO_2 ETL an appropriate surface-wettability, which is beneficial to the crystallization of perovskite deposited via solution-processed method. The uniform and high-transmittance TKD-TiO_2 films were successfully incorporated into PSCs as ETLs. Further careful optimization of ETL thickness gave birth to a highest power conversion efficiency of 11.0%, which was much higher than that of PSC using an ETL with the same thickness made by spray pyrolysis. This TKD-TiO_2 provided a universal solar material suitable for the further large-scale production of PSCs. The excellent morphology and the convenient preparation method of TKD-TiO_2 film gave it an extensive application in photovoltaic devices.

Novel two-step CdS deposition strategy to improve the performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cell

Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have drawn worldwide attention for their promising photovoltaics performance and earth-abundant element composition,yet the record efficiency of this type of device is still far lower than its theoretical conversion efficiency.Undesirable band alignment and severe non-radiative recombination at CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interfaces are the major causes limiting the current/voltage output and overall device performance.Herein,we propose a novel two-step CdS deposition strategy to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and thereby improve the performance of CZTSSe solar cell.The two-step strategy includes firstly pre-deposits CdS thin layer on CZTSSe absorber layer by chemical bath deposition(CBD),followed with a mild heat treatment to facilitate element inter-diffusion,and secondly deposits an appropriate thickness of CdS layer by CBD to cover the whole surface of pre-deposited CdS and CZTSSe layers.The solar energy conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells with two-step deposited CdS layer approaches to 8.76%(with an active area of about 0.19 cm2),which shows an encouraging improvement of over 87.98%or 30.16%compared to the devices with traditional CBD-deposited CdS layer without and with the mild annealing process,respectively.The performance enhancement by the two-step CdS deposition is attributed to the formation of more favorable band alignment at CZTSSe/CdS interface as well as the effective decrease in interfacial recombination paths on the basis of material and device characterizations.The two-step CdS deposition strategy is simple but effective,and should have large room to improve the quality of CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction interface and further lift up the conversion efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells.

Isometric exercise promotes arteriogenesis in rats after myocardial infarction

Isometric exercise(IE)is a promising intervention of noninvasive revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).This study aimed to investigate the impact and mechanisms of IE training on arteriogenesis in AMI.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the sham-operation group(SO),myocardial infarction(MI)group,and 13 IE subgroups treated according to training intensity,frequency,duration,or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),or/and fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2)inhibitors for eight weeks.Our results demonstrated that the IE group achieved superior improvement compared with the MI group in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),myocardial infarction size(MIS),arterial density(AD),monocytes(MNCs),smooth muscle cells(SMCs),endothelial cells(ECs),relative collateral blood flow(RCBF),MCP-1,and FGF-2 at the endpoint.Positive correlations between MCP-1 and MNCs,MNCs and FGF-2,FGF-2 and SMCs,SMCs and AD,as well as AD and RCBF were observed.This study demonstrated that with MI of 100%load 20 times daily for eight weeks,the arteriogenesis was improved,which may be attributed to the recruitment of MNCs and SMCs in remote ischemic myocardium caused by increases in MCP-1 and FGF-2 expression.

Effect of Cardioplegia for Myocardial Protection in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery:A Network Meta-Analysis

Cardioplegia has been widely used to reduce myocardial injury during pediatric cardiac surgery;however,which cardioplegia solution has the best protective effect has not been established.Thus,we compared the myocardial protective effects of different cardioplegia solutions used in pediatric cardiac surgery.Seven databases were searched to identify the relevant randomized controlled trials.A network meta-analysis with a Bayesian framework was conducted.The outcomes included the following biochemical and clinical outcomes:serum concentrations of the creatine kinase-myocardial band at 6 h postoperatively;cardiac troponin I(cTnI)at 4,12,and 24 h postoperatively;spontaneous beating after declamping;postoperative arrhythmias;inotropic support percentage and duration;mechanical ventilation hours;intensive care unit stay in days;hospital stay in days;and mortality.The group treated with cold crystalloid cardioplegia(cCCP)was chosen as the control group.The 22 studies involved 1529 patients.Six types of cardioplegia solutions were described in these studies,including cold blood cardioplegia,cCCP,del Nido,histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate(HTK),terminal warm blood cardioplegia,and warm blood cardioplegia(wBCP).The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with wBCP(MD=−2.52,95%CI:−4.74 to−0.27)was significantly lower than cCCP.The serum concentrations of the 24-h cTnI with HTK(MD=4.91,95%CI:2.84–7.24)was significantly higher than cCCP.There was no significant difference in other biochemical and clinical outcomes when compared to cCCP.In conclusion,wBCP may have a superior myocardial protective effect with lower 24-h cTnI levels postoperatively and similar clinical outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Author correction to‘Discovery and identification of EIF2AK2 as a direct key target of berberine for anti-inflammatory effects’[Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 13(2023)2138-2151]

The authors regret that there are some misplaced figure numbers in the body of this article due to negligence in the layout and proofreading of the figures.Although it does not affect the conclusion,it is an obvious error.The authors have now modified as below.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused to the journal and readers.

Discovery and identification of EIF2AK2 as a direct key target of berberine for anti-inflammatory effects

Using chemoproteomic techniques,we first identified EIF2AK2,eEF1A1,PRDX3 and VPS4B as direct targets of berberine(BBR)for its synergistically anti-inflammatory effects.Of them,BBR has the strongest affinity with EIF2AK2 via two ionic bonds,and regulates several key inflammatory pathways through EIF2AK2,indicating the dominant role of EIF2AK2.Also,BBR could subtly inhibit the dimerization of EIF2AK2,rather than its enzyme activity,to selectively modulate its downstream pathways including JNK,NF-κB,AKT and NLRP3,with an advantage of good safety profile.In EIF2AK2 gene knockdown mice,the inhibitory IL-1β,IL-6,IL-18 and TNF-a secretion of BBR was obviously attenuated,confirming an EIF2AK2-dependent anti-inflammatory efficacy.The results highlight the BBR's network mechanism on anti-inflammatory effects in which EIF2AK2 is a key target,and inhibition of EIF2AK2 dimerization has a potential to be a therapeutic strategy against inflammationrelated disorders.

Tunable bismuth doping/loading endows NaTaO_(3)nanosheet highly selective photothermal reduction of CO_(2)

Photothermal CO_(2)reduction with H2O,integrating advantages of photocatalysis driven H2O splitting and thermal catalysis promoted CO_(2)reduction,has drawn sharply increasing attention in artificial synthesis of solar fuels.The photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles facilities CO_(2)hydrogenation and activation of lattice oxygen in oxide photocatalyst promotes H2O oxidation,which is essentially considered for highly efficient photothermal catalysis.However,the large thermal conductivity of most metal nanoparticles induces inevitable heat dissipation,restricting the increase of catalyst temperature.In this work,to minimize the heat dissipation,we employ bismuth nanoparticles as photothermal unit,which is of the lowest thermal conductivity in the metal family.Meanwhile,we adopt bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)as photocatalytic unit because of the bismuth doping induced activation of lattice oxygen.The bismuth nanoparticles are assembled with bismuth doped NaTaO_(3)through one-step tunable transformation from Bi4TaO8Cl.Benefiting from the photothermal effect,thermal insulation caused by bismuth metal,and lattice oxygen activation by bismuth doping,the NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid exhibits high photothermal catalytic performance.The yield of CO over NaTaO_(3):Bi hybrid at 413 K via photothermal catalysis is 141 times higher than that room temperature photocatalysis.Further,ultraviolet(UV)light irradiation leads to 89.2%selectivity of CO and visible light irradiation leads to 97.5%selectivity of CH4.This work may broaden the photocatalytic application of ABO_(3)perovskite and provides a novel strategy for the development of photothermal catalysts for artificial photosynthesis.

Versatile flexible micelles integrating mucosal penetration and intestinal targeting for effectively oral delivery of paclitaxel

The extremely low bioavailability of oral paclitaxel(PTX)mainly due to the complicated gastrointestinal environment,the obstruction of intestinal mucus layer and epithelium barrier.Thus,it is of great significance to construct a coordinative delivery system which can overcome multiple intestinal physicochemical obstacles simultaneously.In this work,a high-density PEGylation-based glycocholic acid-decorated micelles(PTX@GNPs)was constructed by a novel polymer,9-Fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl-poly ethylene glycocholic acid(Fmoc-PEG-GCA).The Fmoc motif in this polymer could encapsulate PTX viaπ-πstacking to form the core of micelles,and the low molecular weight and non-long hydrophobic chain of Fmoc ensures the high-density of PEG.Based on this versatile and flexible carriers,PTX@GNPs possess mucus trapping escape ability due to the flexible PEG,and excellent intestine epithelium targeting attributed to the high affinity of GCA with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.The in vitro and in vivo results showed that this oral micelle could enhance oral bioavailability of PTX,and exhibited similar antitumor efficacy to Taxol injection via intravenous route.In addition,oral PTX@GNPs administered with lower dosage within shorter interval could increase in vivo retention time of PTX,which supposed to remodel immune microenvironment and enhance oral chemotherapy efficacy by synergistic effect.

Role of selenoprotein M knockdown in the melatonin antagonism of nickel-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse heart

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of selenoprotein M(SelM)in endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in nickel-exposed mouse hearts and to explore the detoxifying effects of melatonin.At 21 d after intraperitoneal injection of nickel chloride(NiCl_(2))and/or melatonin into male wild-type(WT)and SelM knockout(KO)C57BL/6J mice,NiCl_(2)was found to induce changes in the microstructure and ultrastructure of the hearts of both WT and SelM KO mice,which were caused by oxidative stress,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and apoptosis,as evidenced by decreases in malondialdehyde(MDA)content and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)activity.Changes in the messenger RNA(mRNA)and protein expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress(activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),inositol-requiring protein 1(IRE1),c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP))and apoptosis(B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),Caspase-3,Caspase-9,and Caspase-12)were also observed.Notably,the observed damage was worse in SelM KO mice.Furthermore,melatonin alleviated the heart injury caused by NiCl_(2)in WT mice but could not exert a good protective effect in the heart of SelM KO mice.Overall,the findings suggested that the antioxidant capacity of SelM,as well as its modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis,plays important roles in nickel-induced heart injury.

A Three-Dimensional Silicon-Diacetylene Porous Organic Radical Polymer

Radical-containing porous organic polymers(POPs)have drawn great interest in various applications.However,the synthesis of radical POPs remains challenging due to the unstable nature of organic radicals.Here,a persistent and stable three-dimensional silicon-diacetylene porous organic radical polymer was synthesized via a classic Eglinton homocoupling reaction of tetraethynylsilane.The presence of carbon radicals in this material was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance,and its paramagnetic behavior was analyzed by a superconducting quantum interference device.This unique material has a low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)energy level(−5.47 eV)and a small energy gap(ca.1.46 eV),which shows long-term cycling stability and excellent rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,demonstrating potential application in energy fields.

The influence of the gut microbiota on the bioavailability of oral drugs

Due to its safety,convenience,low cost and good compliance,oral administration attracts lots of attention.However,the efficacy of many oral drugs is limited to their unsatisfactory bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract.One of the critical and most overlooked factors is the symbiotic gut microbiota that can modulate the bioavailability of oral drugs by participating in the biotransformation of oral drugs,influencing the drug transport process and altering some gastrointestinal properties.In this review,we summarized the existing research investigating the possible relationship between the gut microbiota and the bioavailability of oral drugs,which may provide great ideas and useful instructions for the design of novel drug delivery systems or the achievement of personalized medicine.

Nontoxic engineered virus nanofibers as an efficient agent for the prevention and detection of fungal infection

Candida albicans (C。albicans ) 感染让高死亡在 immunocompromised 病人评价。由于当前的诊断系统的无效和对 candidiasis 的准许的疫苗的缺席， C 的预防。albicans 感染仍然是挑战。C。albicans 感染能被藏匿反的 aspartyl 朊酶评估并且阻止 2 抗体(anti-Sap2 IgG ) 和 Hsp90 抗体(anti-Hsp90 IgG ) 。在这研究，为诊断和 C 的预防的改进探索一个新代理人。albicans 感染，设计 fd 抗菌素，被认为对人安全的病毒 nanofiber，与二被设计并且准备能导致并且捕获 anti-Sap2 IgG 和 anti-Hsp90 IgG 的 epitopes。双显示的噬菌体作为一根新奇俘获探针被采用开发一个新连接酶的 immunosorbent 试金( ELISA )方法，它显著地 recombinant 蛋白质 Sap2 在被用作涂层抗原捕获特定的抗体( rSap2-ELISA )的 ELISA 和 recombinant 蛋白质 Hsp90 在被用作涂层抗原捕获特定的抗体( rHsp90-ELISA )的 ELISA 与那些相比改进了察觉率。另外， nanofibers 充当了一支潜在的疫苗使老鼠，以及 recombinant 蛋白质免疫，更高效地调停了体液、细胞的有免疫力的回答， C 的减少的层次。albicans 殖民，并且在 C 增加了幸存率。感染 albicans 的老鼠。因此，双显示的 nanofiber 被显示了是为保护对的一个强大的 bifunctional 代理人的噬菌体和临床的感染的敏感察觉，它有潜力广泛地在生命科学，临床的药，和环境科学被过去常。

Au nanoparticles based ultra-fast “Turn-On” fluorescent sensor for detection of biothiols and its application in living cell imaging

Au or other metal nanostructures have the ability to strongly quench the fluorescence of fluorophores.This feature has made AuNP-conjugates attractive for the construction of platforms for various bioanalytes to overcome the limitations of small molecule fluorophores(poor solubility,long reaction time).In this paper,an ultrafast"Turn-On"fluo rescent sensor for biothiols was constructed.The sensor is based on the fluorescent resonance energy transfer(FRET)effect between the fluorophore(PN)and AuNPs,which effectively quenches the fluorescence of the fluorophore.In the presence of thiols,PN is displaced and released from AuNP surfaces,and thus,the fluorescence is rapidly restored.The sensor features appreciable water solubility and ultrafast response time(a few seconds for Cys).In addition,it exhibits high selectivity and a detection limit as low as 12 nmol/L for Hcy.Moreover,the sensor presents good biocompatibility and has been successfully applied for imaging biothiols in living cells.

No-Load Iron Loss Model for a Fractional-Slot Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Magnetic Field Analytical Calculation

The common analytical models for the no-load iron loss of permanent magnet(PM)motors usually neglect the iron loss caused by the rotating magnetic field in the tooth tips and the harmonics of the magnetic fields in the teeth and yokes.This paper presents an analytical model for no-load iron loss of a fractional-slot surface-mounted permanent magnet motor.According to the existing analytical model of the magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap,the magnetic flux densities considering the harmonics of the stator tooth and yoke are both derived based on the continuity of magnetic flux.Due to the complexity of the magnetic field in the tooth tip,the tangential flux density of the tooth tip is approximated by an equivalent sine wave and the radial component is regarded to be the same as that of the corresponding tooth.After obtaining the magnetic fields in stator different regions,the analytical iron loss is calculated by using the Bertotti model and the orthogonal decomposition model.A 20-pole/24-slot PM synchronous motor is taken as an example.The maximum error between the analytical model and finite element model(FEM)is 5.46%,which verifies the validity of the proposed method.

Improvements on permanent magnet synchronous motor by integrating heat pipes into windings for solar unmanned aerial vehicle

The successful market uptake of all-electric propulsion systems is closely related to the performance metrics of the electrical motor used within.In light of this,various road-maps have been set for the next two decades by aerospace and automotive bodies targeting ambitious future targets of the motor's power densities and efficiencies.In achieving motors with such step-improvement performance metrics,often the thermal management is a key challenge.In this paper,a cooling structure for a propulsion motor of solar unmanned aircraft is proposed which combines the stator windings with heat pipes,and which is shown to simultaneously improve the heat dissipation as well as the efficiency.This paper firstly determines the heat transfer characteristic of the heat pipe experimentally which is then used in the development of a bespoke thermal network model of the motor.The effects of the cooling structure on the motor's temperature rise,copper losses,torque,and efficiency are studied in detail.Finally,a prototype is developed and a test platform is built.The experimental results are consistent with the analytical result,verifying the correctness of the thermal network model and the benefits of the proposed mechanism.Compared to the motor without heat pipes,the temperature rise of the motor is reduced by 35%,while its efficiency is improved by a significant 1.5%.