Association of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and different intensities of physical activity with incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort study

Purpose:The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and different intensities of physical activity(PA)with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based prospective cohort study.Methods:Altogether,88,000 participants(mean age=62.2±7.9 years,mean±SD)were included from the UK Biobank.Sleep duration(short:<6 h/day;normal:6-8 h/day;long:>8 h/day)and PA of different intensities were measured using a wrist-won accelerometer over a 7-day period between 2013 and 2015.PA was classified according to the median or World Health Organization-recommendation:total volume of PA(high,low),moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)(recommended,not recommended),and light-intensity PA(high,low).Incidence of type 2diabetes was ascertained using hospital records or death registries.Results:During a median follow-up of 7.0 years,1615 incident type 2 diabetes cases were documented.Compared with normal sleep duration,short(hazard ratio(HR)=1.21,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.03-1.41)but not long sleep duration(HR=1.01,95%CI:0.89-1.15)was associated with excessive type 2 diabetes risk.This increased risk among short sleepers seems to be protected against by PA.Compared with normal sleepers with high or recommended PA,short sleepers with low volume of PA(HR=1.81,95%CI:1.46-2.25),not recommended(below the World Health Organization-recommended level of)MVPA(HR=1.92,95%CI:1.55-2.36),or low light-intensity PA(HR=1.49,95%CI:1.13-1.90)had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes,while short sleepers with a high volume of PA(HR=1.14,95%CI:0.88-1.49),recommended MVPA(HR=1.02,95%CI:0.71-1.48),or high light-intensity PA(HR=1.14,95%CI:0.92-1.41)did not.Conclusion:Accelerometer-measured short but not long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes.A higher level of PA,regardless of intensity,potentially ameliorates this excessive risk.

微信公众号中的信息呈现次序对用户选择行为的影响研究

本文基于财经、体育、科技、教育、健康五类公众号的28455条样本数据,以阅读指数、位置和信息质量为自变量建立回归模型,进而验证数字传播环境中文章呈现次序对用户选择行为的影响。研究发现,控制信息质量这一变量后,所有公众号中“位置1”至“位置3”文章的阅读指数显著高于“位置4”至“位置8”,“位置5”及其后文章的阅读指数差异并不显著。同时位置效应并非是线性的,前四篇文章的阅读指数比例约为100∶40∶13∶11。用户不同的信息需求可能导致了不同类型公众号之间的位置效应稍有差异,在科技类和财经类公众号中部分存在“近因效应”。

Functional delivery vehicle of organic nanoparticles in inorganic crystals

Encapsulation of bioactive substances for extended shelf life and controlled,targeted release is critical for their applications in food and drug delivery.Here,a new method has been developed to encapsulate bioactive molecules in the crystal composites,showing greatly enhanced stability and unique pHtriggered response.Chlorophyll,a model bioactive,is first loaded in shellac nanoparticles via coprecipitation with a high encapsulation efficiency,and then the chlorophyll-loaded nanoparticles are incorporated into calcite crystals grown from a gel media containing the nanoparticles.Under the protection of shellac nanoparticles and calcite crystals,chlorophyll shows excellent stability even under light.Encapsulated chlorophyll could only be released by first dissolving the calcite crystals under acidic condition and then dissolving the shellac nanoparticles under alkaline condition.The unique pHtriggered release mimics the pH change from acidic in the stomach to alkaline in the intestine and is thus well suited for controlled,targeted intestinal release.This work suggests that the crystal composites are an ideal delivery vehicle for the functional design of bioactive molecules.

Visualizing the toughening origins of gel-grown calcite single-crystal composites

Biogenic single crystals have been widely demonstrated to incorporate macromolecules to achieve extra damage tolerance, spurring investigations on their synthetic analogs with enhanced mechanical properties as well as the enhancement mechanism（s） behind. And the investigations rely on both rational design of the single-crystal composites and, equally importantly, nanoscale and in-situ characterization strategy. Here, composite structures are constructed inside the calcite single-crystal host by incorporating guest materials of agarose fibers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs）, and graphene oxide （GO）, through crystallization in agarose gel media. Further, transmission electron microscopy-scanning probe microscopy （TEM-SPM） method, coupling compression measurements with nanoscale imaging, shows that the obtained single-crystal composites exhibit improved toughness, compared to the solution-grown pure single crystals. Particularly, the rupture time increases by 1.25 times after the gel-networks and MWCNTs are incorporated. More importantly, the in-situ observation of the crystal deformation suggests that the guest incorporation toughens the single-crystal host by the shielding effect of nanofiber on crack-bridging at nanoscale. As such, this work may have implications for understanding the damage tolerance of biominerals as well as towards the development of new mechanically reinforced single-crystal composite materials.