Intrinsic and scattering attenuations of the Sichuan-Yunnan region in China from S coda waves

Seismic attenuation is a fundamental property of the Earth's media.Attenuation structure for the complicated geological structures with strong seismicity in the Sichuan-Yunnan region is poorly studied.In this study,we collected 108,399 waveforms of 11,517 local small earthquakes with magnitudes between 1.5 and 3.5 from January 2014 to September 2021 in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and its adjacent areas.We employed an envelope inversion technique for separating the intrinsic and scattering attenuations of the S coda wave,and obtained the intrinsic and scattering attenuation structures for frequencies between 0.25 and 8.00 Hz.The attenuation structures correlate well with the geological units,and some major faults mark the attenuation variations where historic large earthquakes have occurred.The regional average attenuation shows a negative frequency dependence.The average scattering attenuation has a faster descending rate than the average intrinsic attenuation,and is dominant at low frequencies,while at high frequencies the average intrinsic attenuation is stronger.The lateral variation in the intrinsic attenuation is consistent with the variation in heat flow,the scattering attenuation may be related to the scatter distribution and size.The total attenuation is consistent with the previous studies in this region,and the separate intrinsic and scattering attenuation may be useful in understanding regional tectonics and important in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.

Moment magnitudes of two large Turkish earthquakes on February 6,2023 from long-period coda

Two large earthquakes(an earthquake doublet)occurred in south-central Turkey on February 6,2023,causing massive damages and casualties.The magnitudes and the relative sizes of the two mainshocks are essential information for scientific research and public awareness.There are obvious discrepancies among the results that have been reported so far,which may be revised and updated later.Here we applied a novel and reliable long-period coda moment magnitude method to the two large earthquakes.The moment magnitudes(with one standard error)are 7.95±0.013 and 7.86±0.012,respectively,which are larger than all the previous reports.The first mainshock,which matches the largest recorded earthquakes in the Turkish history,is slightly larger than the second one by 0.11±0.035 in magnitude or by 0.04 to 0.18 at 95%confidence level.

The role of transporters in cancer redox homeostasis and cross-talk with nanomedicines

Tumor cell usually exhibits high levels of reactive oxygen species and adaptive antioxidant system due to the metabolic,genetic,and microenvironment-associated alterations.The altered redox homeostasis can promote tumor progression,development,and treatment resistance.Several membrane transporters are involved in the resetting redox homeostasis and play important roles in tumor progression.Therefore,targeting the involved transporters to disrupt the altered redox balance emerges as a viable strategy for cancer therapy.In addition,nanomedicines have drawn much attention in the past decades.Using nanomedicines to target or reset the redox homeostasis alone or combined with other therapies has brought convincing data in cancer treatment.In this review,we will introduce the altered redox balance in cancer metabolism and involved transporters,and highlight the recent advancements of redox-modulating nanomedicines for cancer treatment.

On the generation and decay of the long-period coda energy of large earthquakes

Seismic coda wave is the tail portion of the earthquake record after main arrivals.Studies on the coda usually focus on high-frequency data within several hours after regional events and attribute them to the scattering effect of the heterogeneities inside the earth.Here,we use records of seven large earthquakes at globally distributed seismic stations to examine the decay of long-period(100 s to 300 s)coda in the time window of 10,000 s to 140,000 s after the origin time and fit it with a statistical model.The geometric spreading effect in the estimated initial energy and a locationindependent equivalent attenuation coefficient indicate that the long-period coda energy is less affected by the heterogeneity-induced scattering effect than that of shorterperiod coda.The coda energy can reach the earth’s inner core and can be explained by a 1D earth model,making it more effective for constraining the global attenuation model.It also has the potential to determine the magnitudes of large earthquakes and to explore the interior of planetary bodies.

Atomically Dispersed Ni Single-Atoms Anchored on N-Doped Graphene Aerogels for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Uniformly dispersed nickel single atoms(SAs)are experimentally prepared on ultralight N-doped graphene aerogels(Ni-SA@NRGA).The experimental results show that Ni-SAs in graphene aerogels can improve the conduction,polarization losses,and impedance matching properties of the Ni-SA@NRGA.As a result,the minimum reflection loss(R_(L,min))of Ni-SA@NRGA is-49.46 d B with a matching thickness of 2.0 mm and the broadest efficient absorption bandwidth is 3.12 GHz at a low thickness of 1.5 mm.Meanwhile,even with a matching thickness of 1.2–2.0 mm,the RL,min value of Ni-SA@NRGA can reach-20 d B.The current study demonstrates the significance of incorporating metal single atoms into graphene aerogel for electromagnetic wave absorption.

An ultra-porous g-C_(3)N_(4) micro-tube coupled with MXene(Ti_(3)C_(2)TX)nanosheets for efficient degradation of organics under natural sunlight

It remains as a challenge for realizing efficient photo-responsive catalysts towards largescale degradation of organic pollutants under natural sunlight.This work reports a new pore engineering strategy for creating ultra-porous g-C_(3)N_(4) micro-tubes with an unprecedentedly high specific surface area of 152.96 m^(2)/g.This is mainly associated with releasing internal vapor pressure in the autoclave where the hydrothermal treatment of the urea/melamine mixture is processed.Supported by microscopic observation,porosity measurement and spectroscopic characterization,it is found that releasing the pressure at halfway of hydrothermal process is vital for forming exfoliated rod-like precursors and the de-aggregation of these rods presents substantial benefits on the production of mesopores on g-C_(3)N_(4) microtubes during the calcination of precursors.This offers a large number of reactive sites required by photocatalytic reaction.Coupling these micro-tubes with Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets via electrostatic interaction yields a 1D/2D heterojunction with a close interfacial contact.The addition of metallically conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X) nanosheets accelerates the separation between electrons and holes,and also enhances the light absorption.All these merits of structural design lead to forming a group of highly efficient catalysts demonstrating an excellent photocatalytic degradation rate of k=0.0560 min^(-1)for RhB dyes under 100 mW/cm~2 visible light radiation that micks sunlight outdoors.This laboratory valuation is further supported by an outdoor test that shows a fast degradation rate of 0.0744 min^(-1)under natural sunlight.

面向动态有向图的单调图算法硬件加速机制

随着现实世界中动态图计算需求的快速增长,现有的研究工作已经提出了多种方法来有效支持单调图算法在动态有向图中的处理.然而,由于动态有向图的图结构频繁发生变化,其相邻图顶点之间的状态更新存在复杂的依赖关系,这使得现有的软硬件方法在处理单调图算法时依然面临着数据访问成本高和收敛速度慢的问题.为此,本文提出了一种面向动态有向图的单调图算法加速器DSGraph,它能够充分利用图顶点之间的依赖关系来加快单调图算法在动态有向图处理中的收敛速度,并有效降低数据访问成本.具体来说,DSGraph通过实时提取动态有向图中图顶点的局部拓扑依赖顺序来执行异步迭代处理,从而显著减少冗余的图顶点状态更新.同时,DSGraph设计了一种异步迭代流水线架构,其按照依赖顺序对图顶点状态进行异步迭代处理,从而加速图顶点状态传播速度并减少数据访问开销.最后,DSGraph提出了一种无阻塞数据同步机制,通过并行执行本地图顶点的状态更新和外部图顶点的数据同步来减少系统同步开销.实验显示,与目前最先进的面向单调图算法的动态图处理系统KickStarter相比,DSGraph将动态有向图处理速度平均提升了11.2倍.

图计算在ATPG中的应用探究

ATPG(automatic test pattern generation)是VLSI(very large scale integration circuits)电路测试中非常重要的技术,它的好坏直接影响测试成本与开销.然而现有的并行ATPG方法普遍存在负载不均衡、并行策略单一、存储开销大和数据局部性差等问题.由于图计算的高并行度和高扩展性等优点,快速、高效、低存储开销和高可扩展性的图计算系统可能是有效支持ATPG的重要工具,这将对减少测试成本显得尤为重要.本文将对图计算在组合ATPG中的应用进行探究;介绍图计算模型将ATPG算法转化为图算法的方法;分析现有图计算系统应用于ATPG面临的挑战;提出面向ATPG的单机图计算系统,并从基于传统架构的优化、新兴硬件的加速和基于新兴存储器件的优化几个方面,对图计算系统支持ATPG所面临的挑战和未来研究方向进行了讨论.

A telomere-to-telomere gap-free assembly of soybean genome

Dear Editor,Soybean(Glycine max),one of the world's most important crops,represents an indispensable source of edible oil and protein for both humans and livestock.The first soybean reference genome of the Williams 82 cultivar(Wm82)was assembled using a wholegenome shotgun approach integrated with physical and highdensity genetic maps in 2010(Schmutz et al.,2010).In addition to the first reference genome,de novo genome assemblies have been released recently for dozens of cultivated soybean accessions with the application of long-read sequencing technology(Li et al.,2014;Shen et al.,2018;Liu et al.,2020).Although those assemblies provide valuable resources for functional genomics and molecular breeding,there are still a number of unresolved gaps that impede the exploration of complex genomic regions such as centromeres and telomeres。

Assessing the Regional Economic Ripple Effect of Flood Disasters Based on a Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Model Considering Traffic Disruptions

With growing regional economic integration,transportation systems have become critical to regional development and economic vitality but vulnerable to disasters.However,the regional economic ripple effect of a disaster is difficult to quantify accurately,especially considering the cumulated influence of traffic disruptions.This study explored integrating transportation system analysis with economic modeling to capture the regional economic ripple effect.A state-of-the-art spatial computable general equilibrium model is leveraged to simulate the operation of the economic system,and the marginal rate of transport cost is introduced to reflect traffic network damage post-disaster.The model is applied to the 50-year return period flood in2020 in Hubei Province,China.The results show the following.First,when traffic disruption costs are considered,the total output loss of non-affected areas is 1.81 times than before,and non-negligible losses reach relatively remote zones of the country,such as the Northwest Comprehensive Economic Zone(36%of total ripple effects).Second,traffic disruptions have a significant hindering effect on regional trade activities,especially in the regional intermediate input—about three times more than before.The industries most sensitive to traffic disruptions were transportation,storage,and postal service(5 times),and processing and assembly manufacturing(4.4 times).Third,the longer the distance,the stronger traffic disruptions'impact on interregional intermediate inputs.Thus,increasing investment in transportation infrastructure significantly contributes to mitigating disaster ripple effects and accelerating the process of industrial recovery in affected areas.

The First Case of Co-Infection with Omicron Subvariants BA.5.2.48 and BF.7.14——Chongqing Municipality,China,February 2023

On February 14,2023,a co-infection of Omicron strains was detected in a sample collected and submitted for examination at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.On February 7,2023,a 67-year-old female patient living in Yunyang County,Chongqing City,was identified with a history of malignant tumor that had been treated with chemotherapy,radiotherapy,targeting,and other treatments in the past 6 months.Low immunity was suspected,but no other basic diseases,history of smoking,or drinking habits were present.The patient had received two injections of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine(Sinovac Life Sciences Co.Ltd.).

一种高效的面向高并发图分析任务的存储系统

随着现实世界中图计算需求的快速增长,同一平台上往往并发运行着大量迭代图分析任务.然而,现有的图计算系统主要是为了高效执行单个图分析任务而设计的.因此,当多个并发图分析任务同时在同一个底层图上并行执行时,现有图计算系统会面临巨大的数据访问开销.为了提高并发图分析任务的吞吐量,现有的核外并发图处理方案通过共享图数据减少并发任务的数据存储与访问开销.但是,由于现实世界中图的图顶点度数幂律分布特性以及图分析任务之间的差异性,现有方案在访问数据时依旧存在着大量的不必要的冗余I/O开销.这是因为即使静态图分区中绝大部分顶点处于非活跃状态或者只被少数图分析任务共享,现有方法也依旧会将整个分区加载入内存供并发图分析任务处理.为解决上述问题,本文提出了一个面向并发图分析任务的高效存储系统GraphDP.它能够插入到现有核外图计算系统中来透明有效地减少现有图计算系统执行并发图分析任务时的存储消耗与数据访问开销,从而提高并发图分析任务的吞吐量.具体来说,GraphDP使用一种新颖的动态I/O调度策略,能够使系统以最优的I/O访问方式完成图数据的加载,并有效地减少加载到内存和cache的数据.同时,GraphDP通过高效的缓存机制在内存中优先缓存被频繁访问的图数据,从而进一步减少数据访问开销.为证明GraphDP的有效性,我们将GraphDP插入到目前流行的核外图计算系统中,包括GridGraph,GraphChi和X-Stream.实验结果表明,GraphDP分别将GridGraph,GraphChi和X-Stream的吞吐量提高了1.57~2.19倍,1.86~2.37倍和1.62~2.21倍.

Behavior and mechanism of graphene oxide-tris(4-aminophenyl)amine composites in adsorption of rare earth elements

Three-dimensional(3D)graphene oxide-tris(4-aminophenyl)amine(GO-TAPAx:y)composites with different GO-to-TAPA mass ratios(x:y)were prepared by a facile one-step ultrasonic treatment.GOTAPAx:y composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),nitrogen(N2)adsorption-desorption isotherms,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).Behavior and mechanism of GO-TAPAx:yco mposites for the adsorption of rare earth elements(REEs)were investigated.The adso rption capacities of GO-TAPA1;2 composite for Yb^3+,Er^3+,Nd^3+,La^3+and Y^3+are 30.88,26.52,20.60,11.24 and 10.52 mg/g,respectively.Effects of some important parameters including GO-to-TAPA mass ratios,contact time,reaction temperature and initial Yb^3+concentration on the adsorption were evaluated in detail.FTIR spectral and XPS analyses show that the metal complexations and ion exchanges between nitrogen/oxygen-containing species of the adsorbents and REEs are involved in the adsorption procedure besides the conventional adsorption based on specific surface area,indicating the introduction of specific molecules onto GO is beneficial to its adsorption ability.The convenient reusability and applicability of GO-TAPAx:y composites toward real samples also demonstrate their feasibility in the enrichment of REE ions.

Estimating the Economic Effects of the Early Covid-19Emergency Response in Cities Using Intracity Travel Intensity Data

In the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic,China implemented the most stringent and serious emergency response.To understand the effect of such an emergency response strategy on the economic system,this study proposed a simultaneous overall estimation method using intracity travel intensity data.The overall effect is represented by the difference between intracity travel intensity with and without the emergency response.Using historical data and time series analysis,we compared intracity travel intensity post China’s implementation of the emergency response with predicted intracity travel intensity without such a response.The loss rates,defined by the proportion of intracity travel intensity loss,were calculated for 360 cities within 33 provincial-level regions in China based on data availability.We found that 30 days after the emergency response,21% of the cities saw over 80% recovery and 10% of the cities showed more than 90% recovery;45 days after the emergency response,more than 83% of the 360 cities witnessed 80% recovery.The correlation between gross domestic production loss rate and travel intensity loss rate was studied quantitatively to demonstrate the representativeness of the intracity travel intensity loss rate.This indicator was also used to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of the effects on the economy.The results of this study can help us understand the economic effects caused by the early Covid-19 emergency response and the method can be a reference for fast and real-time economic loss estimation to support emergency response decision making under pandemic conditions.

Distinct expression profiles and overlapping functions of IL-4/13A and IL-4/ 13B in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

In mammals,interleukin(IL)-4 and IL-13 are important cytokines involved in the immune response of the host defence against pathogens and play critical roles in the polarization of monocytes/macrophages(MO/Mϕs).However,in teleost fish,the role of IL-4/13 homologues in the polarization of MO/Mϕremains unknown.In this paper,we identified a second isoform of IL-4/13(CiIL-4/13A)from grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)in addition to the IL-4/13 homologue previously reported and comparatively studied their expression profiles and functions.The two CiIL-4/13 transcripts were constitutively expressed in tissues but displayed distinct expression patterns.Infection with Flavobacterium columnare or grass carp reovirus II(GCRV-Ⅱ)resulted in the alteration of expression levels of both IL-4/13 isoforms.Furthermore,in the primary head kidney cells,the recombinant CiIL-4/13A and B could up-regulate the expression of IL-10,inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and M2 macrophage marker gene(KLF4,kruppel like factor 4),whilst down-regulate the expression of IL-1βand M1 macrophage marker gene(MARCO,macrophage receptor with collagenous structure).The results suggest that the CiIL-4/13A and B play similar roles in regulating inflammation and differentiation of MO/Mϕs in grass carp.

Neural Control of Action Selection Among Innate Behaviors

Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors,such as reproduction,aggression,feeding,and sleep,but also select a single behavior for execution at any given time,depending on both internal states and external environmental conditions.Despite their tremendous biological importance,the neural mechanisms of action selection remain poorly understood.In the past decade,studies in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated valuable neural mechanisms underlying action selection of innate behaviors.In this review,we summarize circuit mechanisms with a particular focus on a small number of sexually dimorphic neurons in controlling action selection among sex,fight,feeding,and sleep behaviors in both sexes of flies.We also discuss potentially conserved circuit configurations and neuromodulation of action selection in both the fly and mouse models,aiming to provide insights into action selection and the sexually dimorphic prioritization of innate behaviors.

Multistate Models for the Recovery Process in the Covid-19 Context:An Empirical Study of Chinese Enterprises

The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected enterprises worldwide.It is thus of practical significance to study the process of enterprise recovery from Covid-19.However,the research on the effects of relevant determinants of business recovery is limited.This article presents a multistate modeling framework that considers the determinants,recovery time,and transition likelihood of Chinese enterprises by the state of those enterprises as a result of the pandemic(recovery state),with the help of an accelerated failure time model.Empirical data from 750 enterprises were used to evaluate the recovery process.The results indicate that the main problems facing non-manufacturing industries are supply shortages and order cancellations.With the increase of supplies and orders,the probability of transition between different recovery states gradually increases,and the recovery time of enterprises becomes shorter.For manufacturing industries,the factors that hinder recovery are more complex.The main problems are employee panic and order cancellations in the initial stage,employee shortages in the middle stage,and raw material shortages in the full recovery stage.This study can provide a reference for enterprise recovery in the current pandemic context and help policymakers and business managers take necessary measures to accelerate recovery.

How Participatory is Participatory Flood Risk Mapping? Voices from the Flood Prone Dharavi Slum in Mumbai

Participatory flood risk mapping(PFRM) is a well-recognized and widely implemented tool for meaningful community involvement in disaster risk reduction(DRR). The effectiveness of PFRM remains anecdotal. The PFRM exercise has rarely been applied identically in two different places by two different organizations, which produces varied and uncertain outcomes. In the absence of any agreed and comprehensive framework for participatory DRR, existing studies struggle to provide a scientific account of how the structure, design, and process of PFRM ensure the effective participation of local communities.This study, examines what factors and methods make PFRM an effective participatory DRR tool. In this study,we first identified the process-based criteria of participation. Then we briefly introduced a participatory flood risk mapping exercise conducted in a flood-prone informal settlement in Dharavi, Mumbai. The exercise was carefully designed to meet the process criteria of effective participation. Finally, using qualitative research methods, we evaluated the effectiveness of our PFRM from the local community perspective. The findings show that ensuring community livelihood security and true involvement of marginalized groups, preparing an action plan, and incorporating fun and cultural connotations into the facilitation process are critical components that enhance community participation through PFRM in DRR.

Resetting amino acid metabolism of cancer cells by ATB^(0,+)-targeted nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer therapy

Reprogramed cellular metabolism is one of the most significant hallmarks of cancer.All cancer cells exhibit increased demand for specific amino acids,and become dependent on either an exogenous supply or upregulated de novo synthesis.The resultant enhanced availability of amino acids supports the reprogramed metabolic pathways and fuels the malignant growth and metastasis of cancers by providing energy and critical metabolic intermediates,facilitating anabolism,and activating signaling networks related to cell proliferation and growth.Therefore,pharmacologic blockade of amino acid entry into cancer cells is likely to have a detrimental effect on cancer cell growth.Here we developed a nanoplatform(LJ@Trp-NPs)to therapeutically target two transporters,SLC6A14(ATB^(0,+))and SLC7A5(LAT1),that are known to be essential for the sustenance of amino acid metabolism in most cancers.The LJ@Trp-NPs uses tryptophan to guide SLC6A14-targeted delivery of JPH203,a high-affinity inhibitor of SLC7A5.In the process,SLC6A14 is also down-regulated.We tested the ability of this strategy to synergize with the anticancer efficacy of lapatinib,an inhibitor of EGFR/HER1/HER2-assocated kinase.These studies show that blockade of amino acid entry amplifies the anticancer effect of lapatinib via interference with mTOR signaling,promotion of apoptosis,and suppression of cell proliferation and metastasis.This represents the first study to evaluate the impact of amino acid starvation on the anticancer efficacy of widely used kinase inhibitor.

Identification and modulation of expression of a TNF receptor superfamily member 25 homologue in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The TNF receptor superfamily member 25(TNFRSF25)is part of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and contains a typical death domain.It is also known as DR3,TRAMP,LARD,WSL-1,Apo-3 and TR3,and has a vital role in regulating cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis.In this study,a homologue of the TNFRSF25 gene was identified in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella).It encodes a transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain containing a cysteine-rich domain and an intracellular domain containing a death domain.It is an orthologue of fish TNFRSF1ALs and shares conserved gene synteny with human TNFRSF25.Expression studies showed that CiTNFRSF25 was constitutively expressed in the majority of fish tissues and can be modulated by interleukin 4/13B and infection by F.columnare.To our knowledge,this is the first report describing the existence of a TNFRSF25 homologue in teleost fish.