Retrograde nerve growth factor signaling modulates tooth mechanical hyperalgesia induced by orthodontic tooth movement via acid-sensing ion channel 3

Orthodontic tooth movement elicits alveolar bone remodeling and orofacial pain that is manifested by tooth mechanical hyperalgesia.Nerve growth factor(NGF)is upregulated in periodontium and may modulate tooth mechanical hyperalgesia.The objectives were to examine the role of NGF in tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was induced by ligating closed coil springs between incisors and molars in Sprague–Dawley rats.Retrograde labeling was performed by periodontal administration of fluor-conjugated NGF and the detection of fluorescence in trigeminal ganglia(TG).Lentivirus vectors carrying NGF shRNA were employed to knockdown the expression of NGF in TG.The administration of agonists,antagonists,and virus vectors into TG and periodontium was conducted.Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was examined through the threshold of biting withdrawal.Our results revealed that tooth movement elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by NGF neutralizing antibody and that NGF was upregulated in periodontium(mainly in periodontal fibroblasts)and TG.Retrograde labeling revealed that periodontal NGF was retrogradely transported to TG after day 1.Acid-sensing ion channel 3(ASIC3)and NGF were co-expressed in trigeminal neurons and the percentage of co-expression was significantly higher following tooth movement.The administration of NGF and NGF neutralizing antibody into TG could upregulate and downregulate the expression of ASIC3 in TG,respectively.NGF aggravated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by ASIC3 antagonist(APETx2).Moreover,NGF neutralizing antibody mitigated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be recapitulated by ASIC3 agonist(GMQ).NGF-based gene therapy abolished tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and downregulated ASIC3 expression.Taken together,in response to force stimuli,periodontal fibroblasts upregulated the expressions of NGF that was retrogradely transported to TG,where NGF elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia through upregulating ASIC3.NGF-based gene therapy is a viable method in alleviating tooth-movement-induced mechanical hyperalgesia.

Enhanced straw fermentation process based on microbial electrolysis cell coupled anaerobic digestion

The low quality and yield of methane severely hinder the industrial application of straw biogas fermentation, and no effective solution has been found so far. In this study, a novel method was developed when a microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) was coupled with normal anaerobic fermentation to enhance methane yield and purity. The fermentation process achieved a methane purity of more than 85%, which is considerably higher than that of previously published reports. With microbial stimulation and an electric current, the degradation of fibers has been greatly enhanced. The MEC system substantially improved the yield and purity of biogas, bringing a new path to the synthesis of methane by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in solution under electron irradiation. Electrochemical index analysis showed extra methane synthesis, due to the external circuit electron transfer. The results of the gas chromatography and solid degradation rate showed that the carbon source of extra methane was CO_(2) produced during normal fermentation and additional volatile solid degradation. These results show that the MEC considerably enhanced the quality and yield of methane in the straw fermentation process, providing insights into normal anaerobic fermentation.

The impact of water quality on the formation of halogenated benzoquinones and the adsorption efficiency by activated carbon

Halogenated benzoquinones(HBQs)could cause bladder cancer,but there were few related studies on the generation and control.In this study,the impact of different precursors,pH,bromide concentration,and algae-derived organic matters on the formation of HBQs and the removal efficiency by activated carbon were investigated.It was found that the chlorination of bisphenol A produced the most 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ),reaching 14.86μg/L at 1 hr,followed by tyrosine,2-chlorophenol,P-hydroxybenzoic acid,trichlorophenol,and N-methylaniline.The production of 2,6-DCBQ increased first and then decreased from 0 to 36 hr(chlorination doses 0-20 mg/L),indicating that HBQs were unstable in water.Trihalomethanes(THMs)were detected during chlorination,and the concentration increased with prolongation of reaction time.2,6-DCBQ production decreased and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DBBQ)production increased with increment bromide concentration and the bromide promoted the formation of tribromomethane.The production of 2,6-DCBQ decreased with increase of pH,and the maximum production was 141.38μg/L at pH of 5.Microcystis aeruginosa,Chlorella algae cells,and intracellular organic matters(IOM)could be chlorinated as potential precursors for HBQs.The most amount of 2,6-DCBQ was generated from algae cells of Microcystis aeruginosa,followed by Chlorella algae cells,Microcystis aeruginosa IOM,and Chlorella IOM.This study compared the removal efficiency of HBQs by granular activated carbon(GAC)and columnar activated carbon(CAC)under different carbon doses and initial concentrations of HBQs.It was found that the removal efficiency by GAC(80.1%)was higher than that by CAC(51.8%),indicating that GAC has better control for HBQs.

土地利用方式对黄河漫滩土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落及其多样性是土壤碳和养分循环的重要生物指标。土地利用变化是影响漫滩生态系统土壤微生物群落组成的主要决定因素。然而,土壤微生物群落的结构和多样性如何响应土地利用变化,以及这些变化的主要驱动因素是什么,仍不清楚。本研究在黄河漫滩进行,以检验土地利用变化对土壤微生物群落的影响。选取了4种土地利用类型(灌丛、农田、草地和森林),其中以灌木地为对照,用磷脂脂肪酸测量了土壤微生物组成和多样性。研究结果表明,土地利用变化显著影响了总细菌、真菌和革兰氏阳性/阴性细菌。与灌丛相比,农田的总磷脂脂肪酸和细菌较高,森林的真菌较高。土壤pH值和全磷是微生物组成的最佳预测因子,分别解释了37%和26%的变异性。土壤全氮和硝态氮是影响微生物多样性的主要因素。花生农田的土壤碳含量、土壤碳储量、磷脂脂肪酸总量和微生物多样性最高,表明漫滩具有巨大的碳汇潜力。这些研究结果表明,黄河漫滩的农田对于维持土壤微生物群落和土壤碳固存至关重要。

CSF-Based Analysis for Identification of Potential Serum Biomarkers of Neural Tube Defects

The protein composition of cerebrospinal fluid（CSF） in neural tube defects（NTDs） remains unknown. We investigated the protein composition of CSF from 9 infants with NTDs using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation（iTRAQ）. We identified 568 proteins in the CSF of infants with spina bifida, which is the most common type of NTD. Among these, 18 proteins were associated with neural tube closure in the CSF during human embryonic neurulation and 5 were involved in NTDs. Based on these results, an animal model was further utilized to investigate early serum biomarkers for NTDs.We found that the myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 2, andapolipoprotein B-100 protein levels were decreased in both embryos and the sera of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats carrying embryos with NTDs. CSF proteins may be useful in the discovery of potential serum biomarkers for NTDs.

Biomolecule-assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Bismuth Sulfide Nanorods

A simple biomolecule-assisted synthetic route has been successfully developed to prepare bismuth sulfide（Bi 2 S 3 ） nanorods under solvothermal conditions.In the synthetic system,pentahydrate bismuth nitrate was employed to supply Bi source and L-cystine was used as sulfide source and complexing agent.The morphology,structure,and phase composition of the as-prepared Bi 2 S 3 products were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,energy dispersion spectroscopy（EDS）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,field-emission scanning electron microscopy（FESEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,selected area electron diffraction（SAED）,and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）.The experimental results show that the nanorods have uniform diameter of 100-200 nm and length of 2-4 μm.The possible formation mechanism for the bismuth sulfide nanorods was discussed.

Neural correlations between cognitive deficits and emotion regulation strategies:understanding emotion dysregulation in depression from the perspective of cognitive control and cognitive biases

The link between cognitive function and emotion regulation may be helpful in better understanding the onset,maintenance,and treatment for depression.However,it remains unclear whether there are neural correlates between emotion dysregulation and cognitive deficits in depression.To address this question,we first review the neural representations of emotion dysregulation and cognitive deficits in depression(including deficits in cognitive control and cognitive biases).Based on the comparisons of neural representations of emotion dysregulation versus cognitive deficits,we propose an accessible and reasonable link between emotion dysregulation,cognitive control,and cognitive biases in depression.Specifically,cognitive control serves the whole process of emotion regulation,whereas cognitive biases are engaged in emotion regulation processes at different stages.Moreover,the abnormal implementation of different emotion regulation strategies in depression is consistently affected by cognitive control,which is involved in the dorsolateral,the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex,and the anterior cingulate cortex.Besides,the relationship between different emotion regulation strategies and cognitive biases in depression may be distinct:the orbitofrontal cortex contributes to the association between ineffective reappraisal and negative interpretation bias,while the subgenual prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex underline the tendency of depressed individuals to ruminate and overly engage in self-referential bias.This review sheds light on the relationship between cognitive deficits and emotion dysregulation in depression and identifies directions in need of future attention.