Functional thermal fluids and their applications in battery thermal management:A comprehensive review

With the increasing requirements for fast charging and discharging,higher requirements have been put forward for the thermal management of power batteries.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop efficient heat transfer fluids.As a new type of heat transfer fluids,functional thermal fluids mainly includ-ing nanofluids(NFs)and phase change fluids(PCFs),have the advantages of high heat carrying density,high heat transfer rate,and broad operational temperature range.However,challenges that hinder their practical applications remain.In this paper,we firstly overview the classification,thermophysical prop-erties,drawbacks,and corresponding modifications of functional thermal fluids.For NFs,the high ther-mal conductivity and high convective heat transfer performance were mainly elaborated,while the stability and viscosity issues were also analyzed.And then for PCFs,the high heat carrying density was mainly elaborated,while the problems of supercooling,stability,and viscosity were also analyzed.On this basis,the composite fluids combined NFs and PCFs technology,has been summarized.Furthermore,the thermal properties of traditional fluids,NFs,PCFs,and composite fluids are compared,which proves that functional thermal fluids are a good choice to replace traditional fluids as coolants.Then,battery thermal management system(BTMS)based on functional thermal fluids is summarized in detail,and the thermal management effects and pump consumption are compared with that of water-based BTMS.Finally,the current technical challenges that parameters optimization of functional thermal fluids and structures optimization of BTMS systematically are presented.In the future,it is necessary to pay more attention to using machine learning to predict thermophysical properties of functional thermal fluids and their applications for BTMS under actual vehicle conditions.

Test Case Generation Evaluator for the Implementation of Test Case Generation Algorithms Based on Learning to Rank

In software testing,the quality of test cases is crucial,but manual generation is time-consuming.Various automatic test case generation methods exist,requiring careful selection based on program features.Current evaluation methods compare a limited set of metrics,which does not support a larger number of metrics or consider the relative importance of each metric to the final assessment.To address this,we propose an evaluation tool,the Test Case Generation Evaluator(TCGE),based on the learning to rank(L2R)algorithm.Unlike previous approaches,our method comprehensively evaluates algorithms by considering multiple metrics,resulting in a more reasoned assessment.The main principle of the TCGE is the formation of feature vectors that are of concern by the tester.Through training,the feature vectors are sorted to generate a list,with the order of the methods on the list determined according to their effectiveness on the tested assembly.We implement TCGE using three L2R algorithms:Listnet,LambdaMART,and RFLambdaMART.Evaluation employs a dataset with features of classical test case generation algorithms and three metrics—Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain(NDCG),Mean Average Precision(MAP),and Mean Reciprocal Rank(MRR).Results demonstrate the TCGE’s superior effectiveness in evaluating test case generation algorithms compared to other methods.Among the three L2R algorithms,RFLambdaMART proves the most effective,achieving an accuracy above 96.5%,surpassing LambdaMART by 2%and Listnet by 1.5%.Consequently,the TCGE framework exhibits significant application value in the evaluation of test case generation algorithms.

Discovery of a Novel Aminopeptidase N Inhibitor Dino-Leucine Borate

Aminopeptidase N(APN/CD13), a Zn2+-dependent ectopeptidase localized on the cell surface, is widely considered to influence the invasion of tumor cells. We found that boroleucine and dino-leucine borate exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity of aminopeptidase N. The tested assay indicated that both compounds had an anti-proliferative effect on triple-negative breast cancer cells. Wound healing assay, migration test and matrigel-coated transwell assay showed that both boroleucine and dino-leucine borate inhibited the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that both compounds down-regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9. In the capillary tube formation assay of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), dino-leucine borate showed better antiangiogenic activity than ubenimex even at a low concentration (10 μM). Moreover, compared with ubenimex, the anti-metastatic activity of dino-leucine borate in vivo was similar to or even better than that of ubenimex in the H22 pulmonary metastasis mouse model. In this paper, we found the novel APN inhibitors to markedly suppress the enzyme activity of APN and inhibit the migration and invasion of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.

Boosting lifespan of conversion-reaction anodes for full/half potassium-ion batteries via multi-dimensional carbon nano-architectures confinement effect

Transition metal selenides are regarded as prospective conversion-reaction anodes for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)because of their relatively high electrical conductivity,large theoretical specific capacity,abundant resources and low cost.The challenge of the metal selenides originates from a serious volume change during cycling,which induces serious structural collapse and fast capacity degradation.In the present work,the multi-dimensional carbon nano-architectures confined bimetallic selenides(ZnSe/CoSe_(2)@N-CNTs/rGO)were constructed by a facile MOF-assisted strategy.In such special nanoarchitectures,N-doped CNTs protect the metal selenides centers from serious volume expansion/electrode pulverization,as well as improve the sluggish kinetics.ZnSe/CoSe_(2)@N-CNTs/rGO electrode boosts the lifespan of half PIBs with a large discharge specific capacity of 200 m Ah g^(-1)at 2 A g^(-1)after 3800 cycles.The full PIBs battery with ZnSe/CoSe_(2)@N-CNTs/rGO electrode as anode and Prussian blue as cathode exhibits well electrochemical performance(151 m Ah g^(-1)at 100 m A g^(-1)after 100 cycles).DFT calculation suggests that the CNTs could change the K+adsorption energy and decrease K+diffusion energy barrier,which dramatically enhances K+storage kinetics.This work offers an effective material engineering approach for designing hierarchical“all-in-one”electrodes with high excellent cycling stability for PIBs.

Unlocking iron-based mixed-phosphate cathode for sodium-ion batteries through off-stoichiometry

The off-stoichiometric iron-based phosphate(Na_(3.12)Fe_(2.44)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2),denoted as Na3.12)as a low cost and high structure stability cathode material has been widely studied for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,the lower theoretical specific capacity(117 mAh·g^(-1))has seriously limited its practical application.In this work,we incorporate varying proportion of sodium-iron phosphate(NaFePO_(4))into the Na3.12 to form a series of new high specific capacity mixed-phosphates Na_(3.12+x)Fe_(2.44+x)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(PO_(4))x cathode materials for SIBs.After optimizing the introduction amount of NaFePO_(4)into Na3.12,the practical reversible of Na_(3.12+x)Fe_(2.44+x)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(PO_(4))x increased from 92 to 125.2 mAh·g^(-1).The nano-size Na5.12Fe4.44(P2O7)2(PO4)2 cathode material shows a reversible specific capacity of 125.2 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C in SIBs.Even at 60 C,it still exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 93.3 mAh·g^(-1)and keeps a capacity retention ratio of 87%after 3000 cycles at 20 C.Thereby,we present a novel approach to design a series of off-stoichiometric mixed-phosphates cathode materials for SIBs.

Hopf bifurcation of a delayed predator-prey model with Allee effect and anti-predator behavior

This paper proposes a diffusive predator-prey model with Allee effect,time delay and anti-predator behavior.First,the existence and stability of all equilibria are analyzed and the conditions for the appearance of the Hopf bifurcation are studied.Using the normal form and center manifold theory,the formulas which can determine the direction,period and stability of Hopf bifurcation are obtained.Numerical simulations show that the Allee effect can determine the survival abundance of the prey and predator populations,and anti-predator behavior can greatly improve the stability of the coexisting equilibrium.

Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Distribution and Transport of Heavy Metals in Rice Plants in the Jiujiang River Basin

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)was used to analyze the distribution and migration of heavy metals in rice plants in the Jiujiang River Basin,to evaluate the distribution of heavy metals in rice plants and to analyze their migration.The results showed that the distribution of different heavy metal elements in various tissues of rice plants varied greatly.The heavy metal migration factor of rice plant stems and leaves was significantly higher than that of rice husk and brown rice.The distribution of heavy metal content in rice in the Jiujiang River can provide a certain theoretical basis and reference value for the safety and quality of rice in the Jiujiang River Basin.

青少年近视眼预防与控制技术研究的新进展

传统预防与控制近视眼的方法主要包括光学矫正、角膜塑形镜、离焦眼镜及其他手段。但此类方法尚不理想。目前,有研究结果表明,户外活动和低浓度阿托品对预防近视眼的发生和控制具有积极作用;轴性近视眼的发展与巩膜向近视眼方向重塑性有关,但机制尚不明确;眼轴增长而致的真性近视眼具有不可恢复或逆转的特点。长期航天飞行后会表现为后极部眼球扁平化、眼轴变短及屈光状态呈现远视性位移,表明受力环境变化可以影响巩膜重塑。因此,笔者认为结合适当的锻炼方式可促使血液头向转移和增加头眼部组织静水压力梯度,影响局部巩膜重塑,从而使眼轴向变短的方向发展或延缓眼轴增长的趋势,可作为近视眼预防与控制的新思路。

Sprayed PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles combined with calcium ions and reactive oxygen species for antibacterial and wound healing

The most common socioeconomic healthcare issues in clinical are burns,surgical incisions and other skin injuries.Skin lesion healing can be achieved with nanomedicines and other drug application techniques.This study developed a nano-spray based on cross-linked amorphous calcium peroxide(CaO_(2))nanoparticles of polyacrylic acid(PAA)for treating skin wounds(PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles).CaO_(2)serves as a‘drug’precursor,steadily and continuously releasing calcium ions(Ca2+)and hydrogen peroxide(H2O_(2))under mildly acidic conditions,while PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles exhibited good spray behavior in aqueous form.Tests demonstrated that PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity and allowed L929 cells proliferation and migration in vitro.The effectiveness of PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles in promoting wound healing and inhibiting bacterial growth in vivo was assessed in SD rats using full-thickness skin defect and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)-infected wound models based thereon.The results revealed that PAA-CaO_(2)nanoparticles demonstrated significant advantages in both aspects.Notably,the infected rats’skin defects healed in 12 days.The benefits are linked to the functional role of Ca^(2+)coalesces with H2O_(2)as known antibacterial and healing-promoted agents.Therefore,we developed nanoscale PAA-CaO_(2)sprays to prevent bacterial development and heal skin lesions.