Salvianolic acid A ameliorates AGEs-induced glomerular endothelial dysfunction and protects against diabetic nephropathy

OBJECTIVE Diabetic nephropathy(DN)has been one of the most common complications of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease.Glomerular hyperfiltrationis central in earlystage of DN and leads to the progression of renal architectonic and functional abnormalities.Salvianolic acid A(SalA)has been proved to protect diabetic complications such as hepatic fibrosis and neuropathy.The present study was designed to investigate the effects of SalA on glomerular endothelial dysfunctionand diabetic nephropathy.METHODS Primary glomerular endothelial cells were subjected to assess permeability under injury of advanced glycation end-products(AGEs).AGEs-induced changes of Rho A/ROCK pathway and cytoskeleton rearrangement were assessed bywestern blotandimmunofluorescence.The beneficial effects of SalA on diabetic nephropathy were investigated in a rat model induced by high-fat and high-glucose diet combined with low dose of streptozocin(35 mg·kg^(-1),ip).Renal function and architectonic changes were evaluated by biochemical assay and PAS staining.RESULTS SalA 3μMameliorated AGEs-induced glomerular endothelial permeability(P<0.05)and suppressed rearrangement of cytoskeleton through inhibiting AGE-RAGE-Rho A/ROCK pathway.SalA1 mg·kg^(-1)markedly reduced endothelium loss(P<0.01)and glomerular hyperfiltration(P<0.05)in diabetic kidney.Subsequently,SalA 1 mg·kg^(-1) suppressed glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion,eventually reduced 24 h-urinary albumin and ameliorated renal function by decreasing blood urine nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(Scr)and serum n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase(NAG).AGEs-RAGE-Nox4-induced oxidative stress was suppressed by the treatment of SalA 1 mg·kg^(-1).CONCLUSION SalA ameliorated AGEs-induced glomerular endothelial hyperpermeability,and effectively protected against early-stage diabetic nephropathy by reducing hyperfiltration and alleviating renal structural deterioration through inhibiting AGEs and its downstream pathway.Thus,SalA might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Research development of Carpesii Fructus

Carpesii Fructus is the fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L.and is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition).Carpesium abrotanoides broadly distribute in China.Traditionally,Carpesii Fructus was used as a parasiticide,especially for ascariasis,pinworms and tapeworm disease.In ancient times,the Carpesium plants were used as traditional Chinese,Korean and Japanese herbal medicines for the treatment of several diseases.Carpesii Fructus was first recorded in the book "Newly Revised Canon of Materia Medica" in the Tang Dynasty of China.The original plant is Compositae Arte.misia santonica(Seriphidium cinum) from middle east Persian.At present,Carpesium abrotanoides issometimes confused with the Lappula family in species classification.In the Song Dynasty of China,"KaiYang Materia Medica" recorded that the best Carpesii Fructus was from Persian.The main compo.nents of Carpesii Fructusare terpenes,phenolic compounds,flavonoids and coumarins.Including telekin,3-epi-isotelekin,11β-13-dihydro-1-epi-inuviscolide,carabrone,carabrol,terpene lactone,gerilin,carpesia,valeric acid,oleic acid,linolenic acid,thirty-one alkane,sterol,etc.The chemical components isolated from whole plants of carpesia are more than 143.In clinical practice,Carpesii Fructus is mainly used as antiparasitic drugs and usually combined with other drugs since the poor efficacy as single drug.Its toxic reaction is closely related to the dose of the drug.Carpesia,asa main component of Carpesii Fructus,might lead to adverse reactions also.At present,Major issuesof Carpesii Fructusare the lack of phar.macological research,as well as lack of in-depth study on the material basis.Therefore,further studies are needed on the drug development and clinical usuage.

Effect of bock greenbrier rhizome capsule combined with Fuke Qianjin Tablet on serum inflammatory factors, immune function and hemorheological index in patients with chronic pelvic inflammation

Objective:To explore effect of bock greenbrier rhizome capsule combined with Fuke Qianjin Tablet on serum inflammatory factors, immune function and hemorheological index in patients with chronic pelvic inflammation.Method:A toal of210 cases of patients with chronic pelvic inflammation were divided into control group (n=104) and observation group (n=106) according to random data table method, control group was given Fuke Qianjin Tablet, observation group was given bock greenbrier rhizome capsule on base of control group, treatment period of both groups was 6 weeks. Compared serum inflammatory factors, immune function and hemorheological index in both groups before and after 6 weeks treatment. Results:Before treatment, comparison of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8), immune function (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+) and hemorheological index (low-cut/high-cut whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, FIB) in both groups, there was no statistical significant difference;after treatment, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CD8+, low-cut/ high-cut whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, FIB level were lower dramatically than pre-treatment intra-group, moreover, these level in observation group after treatment was lower than control group after treatment;CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ level in both groups after treatment was higher than before treatment intra-group, and these levels in observation group after treatment was higher obviously than control group after treatment.Conclusion:Bock greenbrier rhizome capsule combined with Fuke Qianjin Tablet for patients with chronic pelvic inflammation, its regulated effect on serum inflammatory factors, immune function and hemorheological index in patients with chronic pelvic inflammation was superior to only using Fuke Qianjin Tablet, it was worthy of clinical application.

Theoretical analysis and experimental study of an air inflated membrane structure

In this paper,an experimental study of an air inflated membrane was carried out based on the China National Stadium (the Bird's Nest). After the 2008 Olympic Games,it was apparent that the future use of the Bird's Nest would be enhanced if rainfall could be prevented from entering the stadium. The installation of an air inflated membrane across the opening of the steel structure was proposed as a solution to this problem. To verify the scheme,a theoretical analysis and experimental study of an air inflated membrane was carried out. Experimental and computational models were developed,form-finding was carried out using both experimental and theoretical methods,and the results from the two approaches,including the deflection of the air inflated membrane and deformation of the support structure,were analyzed and compared. The force-transfer path and deformation of the air inflated membrane under loads was studied. Conclusions and suggestions are presented.