Self-assembly synthesis of phosphorus-doped tubular g-C_(3)N_(4);Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene Schottky junction for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Establishing highly effective charge transfer channels in carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) to enhance its photocatalytic activity is still a challenging issue.Herein,the delaminated 2D Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene nanosheets were employed to decorate the P-doped tubular g-C_(3)N_(4)(PTCN)for engineering 1D/2D Schottky heterojunction(PTCN/TC)through electrostatic self-assembly.The optimized PTCN/TC exhibited the highest hydrogen evolution rate(565 μmol h^(-1)g^(-1)),which was 4.3 and 2.0-fold higher than pristine bulk g-C_(3)N_(4) and PTCN,respectively.Such enhancement may be primarily attributed to the phosphorus heteroatom doped and unique structure of 1D/2D g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) Schottky heterojunction,enhancing the light-harvesting and charges’separation.One-dimensional pathway of g-C_(3)N_(4) tube and built-in electric field of interfacial Schottky effect can significantly facilitate the spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers,and simultaneously inhibit their recombination via Schottky barrier.In this composite,metallic Ti_(3)C_(2) was served as electrons sink and photons collector.Moreover,ultrathin Ti_(3)C_(2) flake with exposed terminal metal sites as a co-catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic reactivity in H2 evolution compared to carbon materials(such as reduced graphene oxide).This work not only proposed the mechanism of tubular g-C_(3)N_(4)/Ti_(3)C_(2) Schottky junction in photocatalysis,but also provided a feasible way to load ultrathin Ti_(3)C_(2) as a co-catalyst for designing highly efficient photocatalysts.

可见方能可知:社交媒体知识传播的“可见性”研究

作为人类社会中一种重要的公共信息,知识关乎文明传承和社会进步。知识与媒介具有天然而内在的联系,其只有“可见”才能“可知”。随着社交媒体的普及,传播技术改变人们的交往方式,对知识的把控特权也越发明显。从知识的角度去思考和理解媒介,解释其“可见性”控制表现出的算法规训与关系加持的新特点,是社交媒体知识传播的“可见度”控制研究的重要课题。但在“可见性”控制下,资本的加持、算法嵌入将带来知识异化、流量主导等风险,严重影响知识传承和社会发展。社交媒体知识传播“可见性”控制研究既是重要的理论问题也是迫切需要解决的实践难题。

四足机器人结构柔顺化设计与性能评价

针对刚性四足机器人动态行走时的躯体姿态不平稳和地面冲击力大等问题,通过借鉴哺乳类四足动物的躯体结构,提出了一种以局部被动自由度为特征的四足机器人柔顺化结构,即,在刚性四足机器人腿部末端添加由压簧约束的直线移动副构成弹性腿部,在腰部添加由扭簧约束的横滚、偏转两个方向的转动副,形成柔性腰部。采用中枢模式发生器(CPG)方法建立了四足机器人的轨迹控制模型,结合力学分析和样机试验确定柔顺结构各个弹性自由度的刚度系数。物理样机运动实验表明,柔顺结构能够有效的降低四足机器人行走时的地面冲击力,减小躯干姿态变化程度,从而提高机器人行走的平稳性。

Nitrogen application and intercropping change microbial community diversity and physicochemical characteristics in mulberry and alfalfa rhizosphere soil

Intercropping of mulberry(Morus alba L.)and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)is a new forestry-grass compound model in China,which can provide high forage yields with high protein.Nitrogen application is one of the important factors determining the production and quality of this system.To elucidate the advantages of intercropping and nitrogen application,we analyzed the changes of physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil.We used principal components analysis(PCA)and redundancy discriminators analysis to clarify the relationships among treatments and between treatments and environmental factors,respectively.The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased pH value,available nitrogen content,soil water content(SWC),and urea(URE)activity in rhizosphere soil of monoculture mulberry.In contrast,intercropping and intercropping+N significantly decreased pH and SWC in mulberry treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping and intercropping+N sharply reduced soil organic matter content and SWC in alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen,intercropping,and intercropping+N increased the values of McIntosh diversity(U),Simpson diversity(D),and Shannon-Weaver diversity(H’)in mulberry treatments.However,PC A scatter plots showed clustering of monoculture mulberry with nitrogen(MNE)and intercropping mulberry without nitrogen(M0).Intercropping reduced both H’and D but nitrogen application showed no effect on diversity of microbial communities in alfalfa.There were obvious differences in using the six types of carbon sources between mulberry and alfalfa treatments.Nitrogen and intercropping increased the numbers of sole carbon substrate in mulberry treatments where the relative use rate exceeded 4%.While the numbers declined in alfalfa with nitrogen and intercropping.RDA indicated that URE was positive when intercropping mulberry was treated with nitrogen,but was negative in monoculture alfalfa treated with nitrogen.Soil pH and SWC were positive with mulberry treatments but were negative with alfalfa treatments.Intercropping with alfalfa benefited mulberry in the absence of nitrogen application.Intercropping with alfalfa and nitrogen application could improve the microbial community function and diversity in rhizosphere soil of mulberry.The microbial community in rhizosphere soil of mulberry and alfalfa is strategically complementary in terms of using carbon sources.

Local icariin application enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration and relieved local inflammation in a minipig model of periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. Treatment should alleviate inflammation, regulate the immune reaction and promote periodontal tissue regeneration. Icariin is the main active ingredient of Epimedii Folium, and it is a promising compound for the enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell function, promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone resorption, alleviation of inflammation and regulation of immunity. The study investigated the effect of icariin on periodontal tissue regeneration in a minipig model of periodontitis. The minipig model of periodontitis was established. Icariin was injected locally. The periodontal clinical assessment index, a computed tomography(CT) scan, histopathology and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay(ELISA)were used to evaluate the effects of icariin. Quantitative analysis results 12 weeks post-injection demonstrated that probing depth,gingival recession, attachment loss and alveolar bone regeneration values were(3.72 ± 1.18) mm vs.(6.56 ± 1.47) mm,(1.67 ± 0.59)mm vs.(2.38 ± 0.61) mm,(5.56 ± 1.29) mm vs.(8.61 ± 1.72) mm, and(25.65 ± 5.13) mm3 vs.(9.48 ± 1.78) mm3 in the icariin group and0.9% NaCl group, respectively. The clinical assessment, CT scan, and histopathology results demonstrated significant enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration in the icariin group compared to the 0.9% NaCl group. The ELISA results suggested that the concentration of interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β) in the icariin group was downregulated compared to the 0.9% NaCl group, which indicates that local injection of icariin relieved local inflammation in a minipig model of periodontitis. Local injection of icariin promoted periodontal tissue regeneration and exerted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory function. These results support the application of icariin for the clinical treatment of periodontitis.

Experimental and mechanistic study on chemical looping combustion of caking coal

Under high-temperature batch fluidized bed conditions and by employing juye coal as the raw material,the present study determined the effects of the bed material,temperature,OC/C ratio,steam flow and oxygen carrier cycle on the chemical looping combustion of coal.In addition,the variations taking place in the surface functional groups of coal under different reaction times were investigated,and the variations achieved by the gas released under the pyrolysis and combustion of Juye coal were analyzed.As revealed from the results,the carbon conversion ratio and rate were elevated significantly,and the volume fraction of the outlet CO_(2)remained more than 92%under the oxygen carriers.The optimized reaction conditions to achieve the chemical looping combustion of Juye coal consisted of a temperature of 900℃,an OC/C ratio of 2,as well as a steam flow rate of 0.5 g·min^(-1).When the coal was undergoing the chemical looping combustion,volatiles primarily originated from the pyrolysis of aliphatic-CH_(3)and-CH_(2),and CO and H_(2)were largely generated from the gasification of aromatic carbon.In the CLC process,H_(2)O and CO_(2)began to separate out at 270℃,CH4 and tar began to precipitate at 370℃,and the amount of CO_(2)was continuously elevated with the rise of the temperature.

Performance of anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell with different porous anodes

Anode materials were used to construct microbial fuel cells(MFCs),and the characteristics of the anodes were important for successful applied performance of the MFCs.Via the cyclic voltammetry(CV)method,the experiments showed that 5 wt%multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs)were optimal for the PANI/MWNT film anodes prepared using 24 polymerization cycles.The maximum output voltage of the PANI/MWNT film anodes reached 967.7 mV with a power density of 286.63 mW·m-2.Stable output voltages of 860 mV,850 mV,and870 mV were achieved when the anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell(AFBMFC)anodes consisted of carbon cloth with carbon black on one side,copper foam and carbon brushes,respectively.Pretreatment of the anodes before starting the AFBMFC by immersion in a stirred bacterial fluid significantly shortened the AFBMFC startup time.After the AFBMFC was continuously run,the anode surfaces generated active microbial catalytic material.

3D bioprinted breast tumor model for structure–activity relationship study

In this paper,we present a 3D printed tumor spheroidal model suitable for drug discovery.This model is based on a hydroxyethyl cellulose/alginate/gelatin(HCSG)composite biomaterial that has three distinct properties:(1)the HCSG is similar to the commercial basement membrane extract in Ki67,MUC1,and PARP1 expressions of MCF-7 cells for embedding culture;(2)the HCSG is printable at room temperature;and(3)the HCSG can be large-scale manufactured at an ultralow cost.We printed a 3D MCF-7 spheroid model with HCSG and characterized it in terms of cell viability,spheroid size,key protein expression,and mitochondrial metabolic activity.We used the 3D MCF-7 spheroid model to evaluate the anti-breast cancer activity of 13 amino acid-based flavone phosphoramidates and found that the alanine structure induced a stronger drug resistance,whereas phenylalanine hardly caused drug resistance in the MCF-7 cells.This is the first time that 3D bioprinting technology has been used in a structure–activity relationship study.

Evaluation of spiral CT imaging in the diagnosis of the primary ureteral carcinoma

Objective: To explore the characteristics of the primary ureteral carcinoma (PUC) and discuss the value of spiral CT (SCT) in the diagnosis of PUC. Methods: The SCT findings of the primary ureteral carcinoma in 16 cases were analyzed and compared with the histopathological diagnosis and staging. Results: The transverse diameters of the lesions were 1.0–2.1 cm, and the longitudinal lengths were 1.5–15.2 cm. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.1) in diam- eters and lengths among the low staging group (pT0–T2) and the high staging group (pT3–T4). The average CT value of the lesions was 43 HU on plain scanning, and 73 HU on CE scanning. The increment was 30 HU. The lesions were clearer on CE scanning. Curved planar reconstruction (CPR) could show the entire course of the urinary tract. Among 6 cases of pT3 stage, CT gave a correct diagnosis in 1 case. For 2 cases of pT4 stage, CT gave correct diagnoses in both cases. Conclusion: The carcinomatous lesions spread along the ureter. The longitudinal length of each lesion is longer than its transverse diameter. Tumor cannot be staged merely according to its diameter and length. CT is difficult to differentiate stage T0–T3, while for stage T4, CT diagnosis is accurate. Contrast enhancement CT scanning has the confirming and differentiating roles. CPR offers direct and easy observing images for clinical doctors.

A Preliminary Study on the Breeding of Late-maturing Daylily Cultivar Jinlei No.1

In order to stagger the early harvest stage of daylily and critical busy summer farming season in Qingyang City, late-maturing daylily cultivar Jinlei No. 1 was systematically bred from natural variant offspring of Malian daylily. According to the results, late-maturing daylily eultivar Jinlei No. 1 exhibited good agro- nomic traits and strong resistance, The first day of harvest of Jinlei No. 1 was more than 10 d later compared with Malian daylily and Xian daylily ; harvest duration of Jinlei No. 1 was 4 d longer than Malian daylily and 5 d than Xian daylily; the yield of Jinlei No. 1 was improved by 3.41% and 5.16% compared with Malian daylily and Xian daylily, respectively. The cultivation of late-maturing daylily cuhivar Jinlei No. 1 can effectively avoid heavy economic losses caused by overlap period of early harvest of daylily and critical busy summer farming in Qingyang City.

Role of autoreactive Tc17 cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Background:The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis(MS)and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE-an animal model of MS)is primarily mediated by T cells.However,recent studies have only focused on interleukin(IL)-17-secreting CD4^(+)T-helper cells,also known as Th17 cells.This study aimed to compare Th17 cells and IL-17-secreting CD8^(+)T-cytotoxic cells(Tc17)in the context of MS/EAE.Methods:Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55(MOG35-55),pertussis toxin,and complete Freund's adjuvant to establish the EAE animal model.T cells were isolated from the spleen(12-14 days postimmunization).CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)T cells were purified using isolation kit and then differentiated into Th17 and Tc17,respectively,using MOG35-55 and IL-23.The secretion levels of interferon-(IFN-γ)and IL-17 were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using cultured CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)T cell supernatants.The pathogenicity of Tc17 and Th17 cells was assessed through adoptive transfer(tEAE),with the clinical course assessed using an EAE score(0-5).Hematoxylin and eosin as well as Luxol fast blue staining were used to examine the spinal cord.Purified CD8^(+)CD3^(+)and CD4^(+)CD3^(+)cells differentiated into Tc17 and Th17 cells,respectively,were stimulated with MOG35-55 peptide for proliferation assays.Results:The results showed that Tc17 cells(15,951±19855VS.55,709±4196cpm;p<0.050)exhibited a weaker response to highest dose(20μg/mL)MOG35-55 than Th17 cells.However,this response was not dependent on Th17 cells.After the 48h stimulation,at the highest dose(20μg/mL)of MOG35-55.Tc17 cells secreted lower levels of IFN-(280.00±15.00vs.556.67±15.28pg/mL,p<0.050)and IL-17(102.67±5.86 pg/mL vs.288.33±12.58 pg/mL;p<0.050)than Th17 cells.Similar patterns were observed for IFN-γsecretion at 96 and 144h.Furthermore,Tc17 cell-induced tEAE mice exhibited similar EAE scores to Th17 cell-induced tEAE mice and also showed similar inflammation and demyelination.Conclusion:The degree of pathogenicity of Tc17 cells in EAE is lower than that of Th17 cells.Future investigation on different immune cells and EAE models is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying MS.

Structural design and stiffness matching control of bionic variable stiffness joint for human–robot collaboration

The physical compliance of interaction is an important requirement for safe and efficient collaboration between robots and humans,and the realization of human–robot compliance requires robot joints with variable stiffness similar to those of human joints.In this study,based on the tissue structure and driving principle of the human arm muscle ligament,a robot joint with variable stiffness is designed,consisting of an elastic belt and serial elastic actuator in parallel.The variable stiffness of the joint is realized by adjusting the tension length of the elastic belt.Surface electromyography(sEMG)signals of the human arm are used as the characterization quantity of joint stiffness to establish the pseudostiffness model of the elbow joint.The stiffness of the robot joints is adjusted in real-time to match the human arm stiffness based on the changes in sEMG signals of the human arm during operation.Real-time compliant interaction of human–robot collaboration is realized based on an end stiffness matching strategy.Additionally,to verify the effectiveness of the human joint stiffness matching-based compliance control strategy,a human–robot cooperative lifting experiment was designed.The bionic variable stiffness joint shows good stiffness adjustment,and the human–robot joint stiffness matching strategy based on human sEMG signals can improve the effectiveness and comfort of human–robot collaboration.

强化消化内镜医师对Cameron病变的认识

Cameron病变常见于食管裂孔疝中,经常表现为上消化道出血。因其位置的隐匿性,Cameron病变容易被忽略从而导致患者出血迁延不愈,所以必须高度重视。本文阐述了Cameron病变的定义、危险因素、病理生理学、表现、诊断和治疗预后,以期为临床提供借鉴避免漏诊和误诊。

Trends of foodborne diseases in China： lessons from laboratory- based surveillance since 2011

Abstract Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. Vibrioparahaemolyticus has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. Salmonella has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. Shigella was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province （Henan） with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms （54.7%） in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported （42.3%） was attributed to V. parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.

Recent progress in injectable bone repair materials research

Minimally invasive injectable self-setting materials are useful for bone repairs and for bone tissue regeneration in situ. Due to the potential advantages of these materials, such as causing minimal tissue injury, nearly no influence on blood supply, easy operation and negligible postoperative pain, they have shown great promises and successes in clinical applications. It has been proposed that an ideal injectable bone repair material should have features similar to that of natural bones, in terms of both the microstructure and the composition, so that it not only provides adequate stimulus to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation but also offers a satisfactory biological environment for new bone to grow at the implantation site. This article reviews the properties and applications of injectable bone repair materials, including those that are based on natural and synthetic polymers, calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate/ polymer composites and calcium sulfate, to orthopedics and bone tissue repairs, as well as the progress made in biomimetic fabrication of injectable bone repair materials.

Role of Elevated Thrombospondin-1 in Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus

Previous studies have suggested that thrombospondin-1(TSP-1) regulates the transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-b1)/phosphorylated Smad2/3(p Smad2/3) pathway. Moreover, TSP-1 is closely associated with epilepsy. However, the role of the TSP-1-regulated TGFb1/p Smad2/3 pathway in seizures remains unclear. In this study, changes in this pathway were assessed following kainic acid(KA)-induced status epilepticus(SE) in rats.The results showed that increases in the TSP-1/TGF-b1/p Smad2/3 levels spatially and temporally matched the increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)/chondroitin sulfate(CS56) levels following KA administration.Inhibition of TSP-1 expression by small interfering RNA or inhibition of TGF-b1 activation with a Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu peptide significantly reduced the severity of KA-induced acute seizures. These anti-seizure effects were accompanied by decreased GFAP/CS56 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Moreover, inhibiting Smad2/3 phosphorylation with ponatinib or SIS3 also significantly reduced seizure severity, alongside reducing GFAP/CS56 immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the TSP-1-regulated TGF-b1/p Smad2/3 pathway plays a key role in KA-induced SE and astrogliosis, and that inhibiting this pathway may be a potential anti-seizure strategy.

Influence of CaO and HZSM-5 on oxygen migration in Chlorella vulgaris polysaccharide pyrolysis

With polysaccharides of Chlorella pyrenoidosa as the raw material,the effects of CaO and HZSM-5 on the yield of bio-oil and the oxygen content in each phase in the pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris polysaccharides(CVP),which occurred in a tube furnace at 600℃,were comprehensively investigated.The reaction path of deoxidation was also analyzed by TG,GC and GC-MS.The GC-MS analysis of liquids showed that liquids from the pyrolysis of chlorella polysaccharides included a range of light oxygenated compounds(e.g.,furans,ketones and phenols),and the oxygen content of furan compounds decreased significantly with CaO and HZSM-5.Compared with the direct pyrolysis of polysaccharides(CVP),the catalytic pyrolysis contributed to the decrease in the oxygen content of organic components by 7.32%and 5.76%.The GC analysis showed that there was a remarkable downtrend in the release of oxygen-containing gas(CO and CO_(2)),and the emission of CO_(2) decreased from 53.11%to 32.92%.The results of the thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the reaction paths of deoxidation in the pyrolysis process of polysaccharides(CVP)with CaO and HZSM-5 varied from those of the direct pyrolysis process:the catalytic pyrolysis with HZSM-5 promoted the conversion of carbohydrate from furans to aromatics over strong acid sites,which was consistent with previous studies;CaO not only acted as a catalyst but also participated in the reaction to change the reaction paths.All results and findings can help to further understand the thermochemical utilization of CPP for bio-oil.

Directional preparation of naphthalene oil-rich tar from Beisu low-rank coal by low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis

Low-rank coal(LRC)can be converted to high value-added naphthalene and its alkylated derivatives through low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis.In this paper,the catalytic pyrolysis of Beisu LRC in a fixed-bed at low temperature was investigated.And the catalytic effects of HZSM-5,low-temperature carbocoal(LtC),and LtC-HZSM-5 on the content and yield of naphthalene oil were examined.The results showed that the generation of naphthalene oil in low-temperature LRC pyrolysis(LT-LP)process could be improved when LtC(prepared at 550℃)or HZSM-5 was individually used as a catalyst.Compared with sole pyrolysis of raw LRC,the addition of the LtC-HZSM-5 catalyst increased the content of naphthalene oil from 11.19 wt.%to 31.49 wt%.And the yield of naphthalene oil was increased from 1.07 wt%to 5.31 wt%.The reactions of micromolecular hydrogen-containing radicals(⋅MHCR)were optimized by LtC.⋅MHCR could be captured in relatively low-temperature region(200-400℃)and released at high temperature by LtC.The generation of phenolics was inhibited by HZSM-5.As a result,the naphthalene oil-rich tar was obtained through low-temperature LtC-HZSM-5 catalytic pyrolysis of Beisu LRC.

Mechanism analysis of cheetah’s high-speed locomotion based on digital reconstruction

As the fastest land animal,cheetah has important reference significance for the research of high-speed quadruped robots in terms of its body structure,motion characteristics and control mechanism.In this paper,we used digital reconstruction to analyze the mechanism of the cheetah’s high-speed movement.Considering the body size and quality of a real cheetah,a simplified virtual model of cheetah was built.Using the D-H method,the kinematics and dynamics of the cheetah’s leg mechanism were established.By using the foot trajectory data of the cheetah’s running gait obtained from biological research,each joint angle,virtual leg length,leg-to-ground contact angle,leg energy,joint torque,and the manipulability of the leg mechanism were analyzed and compared in the time dimension.Finally,the high-speed motion law of engineering guiding significance was extracted.

Cotton stalk activated carbon-supported Co-Ce-B nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for hydrogen generation through hydrolysis of sodium borohydride

Porous cotton stalk activated carbons(CSAC)were prepared by phosphoric acid activation of cotton stalks in a fluidized bed.The CSAC-supported Co-B and Co-Ce-B catalysts were prepared by the impregnation-chemical reduction method.The samples were characterized by the nitrogen adsorption,XRD,FTIR and TEM measurements.The effects of the sodium borohydride(NaBH_(4))and sodium hydroxide(NaOH)concentrations,reaction temperature and recyclability on the rate of NaBH_(4)hydrolysis over the CSAC-supported Co-Ce-B catalysts were systematically investigated.The results showed that the agglomeration of the Co-Ce-B nanoclusters on the CSAC support surface was significantly reduced with the introduction of cerium.The CSAC-supported Co-Ce-B catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and the average hydrogen generation rate was 16.42 L min^(−1)g^(−1)Co at 25℃,which is higher than the most reported cobalt-based catalysts.The catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH_(4)was zero order with respect to the NaBH_(4)concentration,and the hydrogen generation rate decreased with the increase in the NaOH concentration.The activation energy of the hydrogen generation reaction on the prepared catalyst was estimated to be 48.22 kJ mol^(−1).A kinetic rate equation was also proposed.