Although the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is tightly linked to cell-mediated immunity, some functions of T and B cells in TB patients remain unclear. To address how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection inhib...Although the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is tightly linked to cell-mediated immunity, some functions of T and B cells in TB patients remain unclear. To address how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection inhibits T effector responses, we assessed the proportions of T cell subsets and B cells in peripheral blood from pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, pleural TB (PLTB) patients, and healthy subjects (HS, who showed purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive reactions) with flow cytometry. Compared to HS, PTB and PLTB patients exhibited higher proportions of B cells and Th17 cells, and lower proportions of Th2 cells and ratios of Th1 to Th17 cells and of Th2 to Th17 cells. PTB patients had higher CD4+ T cells and PD-1+ CD4+ T cells than HS. Newly diagnosed PTB patients (nPTB) had higher proportions of B cells than HS;in contrast, PTB patients subjected to effective treatments (oPTB) and HS shared similar proportions of B cells. oPTB patients had higher proportions of CD4+ T cells, Th17 cells, and PD-1+ CD4+ T cells than HS, but this difference did not occur in nPTB patients. These findings suggest that shifting ratios of Th1 to Th17 cells may be beneficial for M. tuberculosis to amplify.展开更多
Compliant translational joints （CTJs） have been extensively used in precision engineering and microelectromechanical systems （MEMS）. There is an increasing need for designing higher-performance CTJs. This paper de...Compliant translational joints （CTJs） have been extensively used in precision engineering and microelectromechanical systems （MEMS）. There is an increasing need for designing higher-performance CTJs. This paper deals with the conceptual design of CTJs via three approaches： parallelogram based method, straight- line motion mechanism based method and combination based method. Typical emerging CTJ designs are reviewed by explaining their design principles and qualitatively analyzing their characteristics. New CTJs are proposed using three approaches, including an asymmetric double parallelogram mechanism with slaving mechanism, several compact and symmetric double parallelogram mechanisms with slaving mechanisms and a general CTJ using the center drift compensation and a CTJ using Roberts linkage and several combination designs. This paper provides an overview of the current advances/progresses of CTJ designs and lays the foundation for further optimization, quantitative analysis and characteristic comparisons.展开更多
文摘Although the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is tightly linked to cell-mediated immunity, some functions of T and B cells in TB patients remain unclear. To address how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection inhibits T effector responses, we assessed the proportions of T cell subsets and B cells in peripheral blood from pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, pleural TB (PLTB) patients, and healthy subjects (HS, who showed purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive reactions) with flow cytometry. Compared to HS, PTB and PLTB patients exhibited higher proportions of B cells and Th17 cells, and lower proportions of Th2 cells and ratios of Th1 to Th17 cells and of Th2 to Th17 cells. PTB patients had higher CD4+ T cells and PD-1+ CD4+ T cells than HS. Newly diagnosed PTB patients (nPTB) had higher proportions of B cells than HS;in contrast, PTB patients subjected to effective treatments (oPTB) and HS shared similar proportions of B cells. oPTB patients had higher proportions of CD4+ T cells, Th17 cells, and PD-1+ CD4+ T cells than HS, but this difference did not occur in nPTB patients. These findings suggest that shifting ratios of Th1 to Th17 cells may be beneficial for M. tuberculosis to amplify.
文摘Compliant translational joints （CTJs） have been extensively used in precision engineering and microelectromechanical systems （MEMS）. There is an increasing need for designing higher-performance CTJs. This paper deals with the conceptual design of CTJs via three approaches： parallelogram based method, straight- line motion mechanism based method and combination based method. Typical emerging CTJ designs are reviewed by explaining their design principles and qualitatively analyzing their characteristics. New CTJs are proposed using three approaches, including an asymmetric double parallelogram mechanism with slaving mechanism, several compact and symmetric double parallelogram mechanisms with slaving mechanisms and a general CTJ using the center drift compensation and a CTJ using Roberts linkage and several combination designs. This paper provides an overview of the current advances/progresses of CTJ designs and lays the foundation for further optimization, quantitative analysis and characteristic comparisons.
