工业用地市场化配置改革的制度变迁逻辑——基于“主体互动-制度共演”框架的分析

工业用地配置是当前要素市场化改革的重要内容。历经40余年的长期改革,市场在其中发挥的作用仍需要进一步加强,如何理解工业用地市场化配置改革的内在逻辑。通过纳入多类行为主体和关联制度,论文构建了“主体互动-制度共演”的理论框架,围绕改革开放以来工业用地市场化配置的改革历程和逻辑展开制度分析。研究发现,中央政府、地方政府和工业企业围绕工业用地配置制度充分互动,分别以制度供给、制度创新和制度需求的形式,在工业用地市场化配置的初步探索、发展调整和深化改革阶段主导了制度演变方向。土地产权、财政管理和政绩考核等关联制度安排也在工业用地配置制度演化过程中发挥了重要作用。研究认为,未来工业用地配置会以市场主体向上传递制度需求的互动形式深化改革,故应建立制度需求的有效反馈机制,服务企业发展和产业转型,重点优化土地利用计划管理和用途管制制度,加快培育土地二级市场和城乡统一的建设用地市场体系。

Switching Optimally Balanced Fe-N Interaction Enables Extremely Stable Energy Storage

The interaction between electrode materials and charge carriers is one of the central issues dominating underlying energy storage mechanisms.To address the notoriously significant volume changes accompanying intercalation or formation of alloy/compounds,we aim to introduce and utilize a weak,reversible Fe-N interaction during the(de)intercalation of ammonium ions(NH_(4)^(+))within iron(Ⅲ)hexacyanoferrate(FeHCF),inspired by manipulating the electrostatic adsorption between N and Fe in the early stages of ammonia synthesis(Bosch-Harber Process,Chemical Engineering)and steel nitriding processes(Metal Industry).Such strategy of switching well-balanced Fe-N interaction is confirmed in between the nitrogen of ammonium ions and highspin Fe in FeHCF,as observed by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy.The resulting material provided an extremely stable energy storage(58 mAh g^(-1) after 10000 cycles at current density of 1 A g^(-1))as well as high-rate performance(23.6 mAh g^(-1) at current density of 10 A g^(-1)).

Efficient ORR catalysts for zinc-air battery: Biomass-derived ultra-stable Co nanoparticles wrapped with graphitic layers via optimizing electron transfer

The poor stability of non-noble metal catalysts in oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is a main bottleneck that limits their big-scale application in metal-air batteries. Herein, we construct a chainmail catalyst(Co-NC-AD) with outstanding stability, via the competitive complexation and post absorption strategy,consisting of highly graphitic layers wrapped uniform-size Co nanoparticles(Co-NPs). Experiments combined with density functional theory(DFT) calculations jointly confirmed that the electron transfer occurred from the inner Co-NPs to the external graphitic layers. It facilitated the adsorption process of oxygen molecules and the hybridization of the O-2 p and C-1 p orbitals, which accelerated the ORR reaction kinetics. Consequently, our prepared Co-NC-AD shows excellent ORR activity, offered with a more positive initial potential(E_(onset)= 0.95 V) and half-wave potential(E_(1/2)= 0.86 V). The remarkable stability and resistance of methanol poisoning are merited from the protection effect of stable graphitic layers. In addition, the high electrochemical performance of Co-NC-AD-based zinc-air battery demonstrates their potential for practical applications. Therefore, our work provides new ideas for the design of nanoconfined catalysts with high stability and activity.

The surface of metal boride tinted by oxygen evolution reaction for enhanced water electrolysis

Oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is a bottleneck half-reaction in many important energy conversion processes(e.g.,water splitting),and one of the key issues lies to develop high-efficiency,cost-effective OER electrocatalysts.Rather than those popular extrinsic modulations of any catalysts with gradually degraded performance,we aim at the utilization of the intermediates offered from the undergoing OER as long-standing electrocatalysts.Herein,by inverted design,we extracted the bimetallic borides(FeCoB_(2))-derived intermediates metal borates in the OER,unlocking their potential as a selffunctionalized highly active catalytic phase in-situ formed on the metal boride surface for continuing OER operation.Mechanistically,the surface metal atoms are oxidized to oxyhydroxides,and the surface metalloids(B)are further transformed to the corresponding oxoanions to form metal borates.Such OER self-produced electrocatalyst exhibits a small overpotential of 295 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and its high catalytic activity lasts even after 200 h.Compared with FeCoB_(2),the catalytic activity of this electrochemically activated FeCoB_(2) is~7 times higher.The in-situ formed metal borate is dominatingly responsible for the obtained high catalytic activity.Such unique OER-produced self-functionalization surfaces of metal borates afford to greatly reduce the energy barrier of the continuing OER,thereby accelerating the reaction process.

农村社区IT基础设施改进策略

当前,我国农村社区建设处在一个至关重要的时期,农村社区建设在近些年取得了许多突破性的进展,但在IT基础设施建设方面仍然存在许多方面的不足。本课题旨在发现当前我国农村建设过程中存在的问题,并提出适当的改进方案。通过对多方面资料的查阅与分析发现我国农村社区存在的问题,并对问题进行整合,提出建设性的意见。在对诸多资料进行整合分析时,发现农村社区IT基础设施建设存在的绝大部分问题与其自身建设密切相关,所以,对于问题的解决也将从其根本入手,先治其根本再达其标准。这样对问题进行分析并提出解决方案才可以高效的解决问题,为我国的乡村振兴战略添一份力,帮助农村社区更好地进行IT基础设施建设。

面向碱性析氢反应的原子级优化Fe-Pt金属间化合物催化剂表面终结态探索

Controlling the atomic arrangement of elemental atoms in intermetallic catalysts to govern their surface and subsurface properties is a crucial but challenging endeavor in electrocatalytic reactions.In hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),adjusting the d-band center of the conventional noble-metallic Pt by introducing Fe enables the optimization of catalytic performance.However,a notable gap exists in research on the effective transition from disordered Fe/Pt alloys to highly ordered intermetallic compounds(IMCs)such as FePt_(3)in the alkaline HER,hampering their broader application.In this study,a series of catalysts FePt_(3-x)H(x=5,6,7,8 and 9)supported on carbon nanotubes(CNTs)were synthesized via a simple impregnation method,along with a range of heat treatment processes,including annealing in a reductive atmosphere,to regulate the order degree of the arrangement of Fe/Pt atoms within the FePt_(3)catalyst.By using advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques,we systematically explored the impact of the order degree of FePt_(3)in the HER.The as-prepared FePt_(3)-8H exhibited notable HER catalytic activity with low overpotentials(η=37 mV in 1.0 mol L^(-1)KOH)at j=10 mA cm^(-2).The surface of the L1_(2)FePt_(3)-8H catalyst was demonstrated to be Pt-rich.The Pt on the surface was not easily oxidized due to the unique Fe/Pt coordination,resulting in significant enhancement of HER performance.

Inverted-design for highly-active hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst of MoS_(2)@Ni_(3)S_(2)core-shell via unlocking the potential of Mo

Through inverted-design rather than modifying the generally-assumed S active sites in popular MoS_(2),we unlock the potential of Mo sites and successfully prepared novel MoS_(2)@Ni_(3)S_(2)/NF core-shell nanospheres as a catalyst for the high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).TheΔGH at the Mo site is optimized via Ni_(3)S_(2)to achieve excellent HER activity.At low current densities,it has similar activity to the Pt/C.However,its performance is better than Pt/C at high density.Moreover,our catalyst shows a considerable stability at a variety of current densities for 50 h,promising to substitute noble metal catalysts in application of commercial alkaline electrocatalysts.

Hierarchical FeO_(χ)H_(y)@Ni_(3)B hybrid for efficient alkaline oxygen evolution at high current density

Electrocatalysts with high activity and long-term durability are vital toward large-scale hydrogen pro-duction from electrocatalytic water splitting.Here,the self-supported electrode(FeO_(χ)H_(y)@Ni_(3)B/NF)with hierarchical heterostructure was simply prepared by using NigB chunks grown on nickel foam as sub-strate to in situ form vertical FeO_(χ)H_(y)nanosheets.Such hybrid shows efficient oxygen evolution reaction activity with overpotentials as low as 267 and 249 mV at 100 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M K0H solution and 30 wt%KOH solution,respectively.Meanwhile,it also exhibits excellent catalytic stability,sustaining catalysis at 500 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M K0H solution for 200 h,and even for 200 h at 1000 mA cm^(-2)in 30 wt%K0H solution.Further experimental results reveal that the FeO_(χ)H_(y)@Ni_(3)B/NF is endowed with superhydrophilic and superaerophobic surface properties,which not only provide more mass transport channels,as well as facilitated the diffusion of reaction intermediates and gas bubbles.Also,it holds faster reaction kinetics,more accessible active sites and accelerated electron transfer rates due to strong synergistic interactions attheheterogeneous interface.

MXene-Based Quantum Dots Optimize Hydrogen Production via Spontaneous Evolution of Cl-to O-Terminated Surface Groups

MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).

Recovery of a patient with severe COVID-19 by acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine adjuvant to standard care

There is currently no drug or therapy that can cure the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), which is highly contagious and can be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, seeking potential effective therapies is an urgent task. An older female at the Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan, China, with a severe case of COVID-19 with significant shortness of breath and decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation(SpO_(2)),was treated using manual acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine granule formula Fuzheng Rescue Lung with Xuebijing Injection in addition to standard care. The patient’s breath rate, SpO_(2), heart rate,ratio of neutrophil/lymphocyte(NLR), ratio of monocyte/lymphocyte(MLR), C-reactive protein(CRP),and chest computed tomography were monitored. Acupuncture significantly improved the patient’s breathing function, increased SpO_(2), and decreased her heart rate. Chinese herbal medicine might make the effect of acupuncture more stable;the use of herbal medicine also seemed to accelerate the absorption of lung infection lesions when its dosage was increased. The combination of acupuncture and herbs decreased NLR from 14.14 to 5.83, MLR from 1.15 to 0.33 and CRP from 15.25 to 6.01 mg/L. These results indicate that acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine, as adjuvants to standard care, might achieve better results in treating severe cases of COVID-19.

Joint observations of sporadic sodium and sporadic E layers at middle and low latitudes in China

Sporadic sodium layers(SSLs)were studied with sodium(Na)lidar at Beijing(40.5°N,116.0°E)and Haikou(19.5°N,109.1°E)in China.The altitude distribution,strength factors,and occurrence time of SSL and sporadic E(Es)layer events were statistically analyzed at both observing sites.SSL occurrence had a maximum near22:00 local time,and Eslayer occurrence had a maximum before midnight.The altitude distributions of SSL and Es layer events were better correlated at Haikou than at Beijing.All the average values of height and strength factor for SSL and Eslayer events,as well as the average of the maximum frequency that can be reflected by the Eslayer(foEs),at Beijing were higher than those at Haikou.A better correlation between SSL and Eslayer events was also found at Haikou,and the formation of SSLs was considered to likely depend on the seasonal variability of chemical and dynamical processes.

N‑doped carbon anchored CoS_(2)/MoS_(2) nanosheets as efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

The oriented two-dimensional porous nitrogen-doped carbon embedded with CoS_(2) and MoS2 nanosheets is a highly efcient bifunctional electrocatalyst.The hierarchical structure ensures fast mass transfer capacity in improving the electrocatalytic activity.And the greatly increased specifc surface area is benefcial to expose more electrocatalytically active atoms.For oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)tests in 1 mol/L KOH solution,only 194 and 140 mV overpotential are required to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm^(2),respectively.Our research provides an efective strategy for synergizing the individual components in nanostructures for a wide range of electrocatalytic reactions.