Superprotonic Conductivity of Guanidinium Organosulfonate Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks with Nanotube-Shaped Proton Transport Channels

Grasping proton transport pathways and mecha-nisms is vital for the application of fuel cell technology.Herein,we screened four guanidinium organosulfonate charge-assisted hydro-gen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),namely,GBBS,G3TSPHB,G4TSP,and G6HSPB,which possess high hydrogen-bonded density proton transport networks shaped like nanotubes.These materials were prepared by self-assembly through charge-assisted interactions between guanidinium cations and organo-sulfonate anions,as well as by host-guest regulation.At 80℃ and 93%RH,the proton conductivity of GBBS,G3TSPHB,G4TSP,and G6HSPB can reach 4.56×10^(-2),2.55×10^(-2),4.01×10^(-2),and 10^(-1) cm^(-1),Doping G6HSPB into the Nafion matrix prepared composite membranes for testing the performance of fuel cells.At 80°C and 98%RH,the proton conductivity of 9%-G6HSPB@Nafion reached a maximum value of 1.14×10^(-1) S cm^(-1),which is 2.8 times higher than recast Nafion.The results showed that charge-assisted HOFs with high proton channel density have better proton transport properties,providing a reference for the design of highly proton-conducting materials.

Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of I-lirschsprung＇s-associated Enterocolitis

Objective： To systematically summary the updated results about the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung＇s-associated enterocolitis （HAEC）. Besides, we discussed the research key and direction based on these results. Data Sources： Our data cited in this review were obtained mainly from PubMed from 1975 to 2015, with keywords ＂Hirschsprung enterocolitis＂, ＂Hirschsprung＇s enterocolitis＂, ＂Hirschsprung＇s-associated enterocolitis＂, ＂Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis＂, ＂HAEC＂, and ＂EC＂. Study Selection： Articles regarding the pathogenesis of HAEC were selected, and the articles mainly regarding the diagnosis, surgical approach, treatment, and follow-up were excluded. Results： Several factors, mainly including mucus barrier, intestinal microbiota, and immune function, as well as some other factors such as genetic variations and surgical reasons, have been found to be related to the pathogenesis of HAEC. Changed quantity and barrier property of mucus, different composition of microbiota, and an abnormal immune state work together or separately trigger HAEC. Conclusions： The maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is due to a well cooperation of microbiota, mucus barrier, and immune system. If any part presents abnormal, intestinal homeostasis will be broken. Meanwhile, for patients with Hirschsprung＇s disease or HAEC, dysfunction of these parts has been found. Thus, the happening of HAEC may be mainly attributed to the disorders of intestinal microbiota, mucus barrier, and immune system.

Ex utero intrapartum treatment for giant congenital omphalocele

Background To determine whether ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is an appropriate approach for managing fetuses antenatally diagnosed with giant congenital omphaloceles. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with omphaloceles who underwent either an EXIT procedure or a traditional repair surgery. Basic and clinical parameters including gender, gestational age, birth weight, maternal blood loss, operative times and operative complications were analyzed. During the 6–12-month follow-ups, postoperative complications including bowel obstruction, abdominal infections, postoperative abdominal distension were monitored, and survival rate was analyzed. Results A total of seven patients underwent the EXIT procedure and 11 patients underwent the traditional postnatal surgery. We found no differences in maternal age, gestational age at diagnosis, gestational age at delivery and birth weight between the two groups. In the EXIT group, the average operation time for mother was 68.3 ± 17.5 minutes and the average maternal blood loss was 233.0 ± 57.7 mL. The operation time in the EXIT group (22.0 ± 4.5 minutes) was shorter than that in the traditional group (35 ± 8.7 minutes), but the length of hospital stay in the EXIT group (20.5 ± 3.1 days) was longer than that in the traditional group (15.7 ± 2.5 days,P < 0.05). During the follow-up, one patient in the EXIT group had an intestinal obstruction, one developed abdominal compartment syndrome and one died in the traditional group. Conclusions In our experience, EXIT is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of giant congenital omphaloceles. However, more experience is needed before this procedure can be widely recommended.

Theoretical analysis of non-probabilistic reliability based on interval model

The aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical approach for performing the nonprobabilistic reliability analysis of structure.Due to a great deal of uncertainties and limited measured data in engineering practice,the structural uncertain parameters were described as interval variables.The theoretical analysis model was developed by starting from the 2-D plane and 3-D space.In order to avoid the loss of probable failure points,the 2-D plane and 3-D space were respectively divided into two parts and three parts for further analysis.The study pointed out that the probable failure points only existed among extreme points and root points of the limit state function.Furthermore,the low-dimensional analytical scheme was extended to the high-dimensional case.Using the proposed approach,it is easy to find the most probable failure point and to acquire the reliability index through simple comparison directly.A number of equations used for calculating the extreme points and root points were also evaluated.This result was useful to avoid the loss of probable failure points and meaningful for optimizing searches in the research field.Finally,two kinds of examples were presented and compared with the existing computation.The good agreements show that the proposed theoretical analysis approach in the paper is correct.The efforts were conducted to improve the optimization method,to indicate the search direction and path,and to avoid only searching the local optimal solution which would result in missed probable failure points.