CPEB1,a novel risk gene in recent-onset schizophrenia,contributes to mitochondrial complex I defect caused by a defective provirus ERVWE1

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia afflicts 1%of the world population.Clinical studies suggest that schizophrenia patients may have an imbalance of mitochondrial energy metabolism via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity.Moreover,recent studies have shown that ERVWE1 is also a risk factor for schizophrenia.Nevertheless,there is no available literature concerning the relationship between complex I deficits and ERVWE1 in schizophrenia.Identifying risk factors and blood-based biomarkers for schizophrenia may provide new guidelines for early interventions and prevention programs.AIM To address novel potential risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial complex I deficiency caused by ERVWE1 in schizophrenia.METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect differentially expressed risk factors in blood samples.Clinical statistical analyses were performed by median analyses and Mann-Whitney U analyses.Spearman’s rank correlation was applied to examine the correlation between different risk factors in blood samples.qPCR,western blot analysis,and luciferase assay were performed to confirm the relationship among ERVWE1,cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1(CPEB1),NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein 2(NDUFV2),and NDUFV2 pseudogene(NDUFV2P1).The complex I enzyme activity microplate assay was carried out to evaluate the complex I activity induced by ERVWE1.RESULTS Herein,we reported decreasing levels of CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia patients.Further studies showed that ERVWE1 was negatively correlated with CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia.Moreover,NDUFV2P1 was increased and demonstrated a significant positive correlation with ERVWE1 and a negative correlation with NDUFV2 in schizophrenia.In vitro experiments disclosed that ERVWE1 suppressed NDUFV2 expression and promoter activity by increasing NDUFV2P1 level.The luciferase assay revealed that ERVWE1 could enhance the promoter activity of NDUFV2P1.Additionally,ERVWE1 downregulated the expression of CPEB1 by suppressing the promoter activity,and the 400 base pair sequence at the 3′terminus of the promoter was the minimum sequence required.Advanced studies showed that CPEB1 participated in regulating the NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 axis mediated by ERVWE1.Finally,we found that ERVWE1 inhibited complex I activity in SH-SY5Y cells via the CPEB1/NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 signaling pathway.CONCLUSION In conclusion,CPEB1 and NDUFV2 might be novel potential blood-based biomarkers and pathogenic factors in schizophrenia.Our findings also reveal a novel mechanism of ERVWE1 in the etiology of schizophrenia.

One-step modification method of a superhydrophobic surface for excellent antibacterial capability

In this study,micro/nanostructures are fabricated on the surface of 3Cr13 stainless steel via laser etching,and a superhydrophobic coating with silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)is prepared by utilizing the reduction–adsorption properties of polydopamine(PDA).We investigate the effect of soaking time from the“one-step method”on the reduction of nano-Ag,surface wettability,and antibacterial properties.Scanning electron microscopy is performed to analyze the distribution of nano-Ag on the surface,whereas X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to analyze the crystal structures and chemical compositions of different surfaces.Samples deposited with PDA on their surface are soaked in a 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane water–alcohol solution containing AgNO3 for 3 h.Subsequently,a“one-step method”is used to prepare low-adhesion superhydrophobic surfaces containing AgNPs.As immersion progresses,more AgNPs are deposited onto the surface.Compared with the polished surface,the samples prepared via the“one-step method”show significant antibacterial properties against both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus.The antibacterial properties of the surface improve as immersion progresses.