Development of a MaizeGerm50K array and application to maize genetic studies and breeding

Genotyping arrays based on single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)provide a low-cost,highthroughput platform.The development of a SNP array that fully reflects the genetic diversity of maize(Zea mays L.)germplasm and is applicable to molecular breeding programs is desirable.In this study,we developed a MaizeGerm50K array comprising 50,852 SNPs selected from the resequencing data of 1604 maize inbred lines and other markers.A genome-wide association study using a landrace panel genotyped with the array permitted mapping of several known genes.We also verified a candidate gene,RNA-binding motif protein 24-like 1(ZmRBM24L1),delaying flowering through overexpression lines.Genomic selection for yield and agronomic traits showed high prediction accuracy.The MaizeGerm50K array is thus a valuable genomic tool for maize genetic studies and breeding.

Evolutionary analysis of green credit and automobile enterprises under the mechanism of dynamic reward and punishment based on government regulation

To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.

GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factors regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation in response to UV-B in tea plants

Flavonoids are critical secondary metabolites that determine the health benefits and flavor of tea,while chlorophylls are important contributors to the appearance of tea.However,transcription factors(TFs)that can integrate both chlorophyll biosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation in response to specific light signals are rarely identified.In this study,we report that the GOLDEN 2-LIKE TF pair,CsGLK1 and CsGLK2,orchestrate UV-B-induced responses in the chlorophyll biosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation of tea leaves.The absence of solar UV-B reduced the transcriptional expression of CsGLKs in the tea leaves and was highly correlated with a decrease in flavonoid levels(especially flavonol glycosides)and the expression of genes and TFs involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation.In vivo and in vitro molecular analyses showed that CsGLKs could be regulated by the UV-B signal mediator CsHY5,and could directly bind to the promoters of gene and TF involved in light-harvesting(CsLhcb),chlorophyll biosynthesis(CsCHLH,CsHEMA1,and CsPORA),and flavonoid accumulation(CsMYB12,CsFLSa,CsDFRa,and CsLARa),eventually leading to UV-B-induced responses in the chlorophylls and flavonoids of tea leaves.Furthermore,UV-B exposure increased the levels of total flavonoids,CsGLK1 protein,and expression of CsGLKs and target genes in the tea leaves.These results indicate that CsGLKs may modulate tea leaf characteristics by regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis and flavonoid accumulation in response to solar UV-B.As the first report on UV-B-induced changes in flavonoid and chlorophyll regulation mediated by CsGLKs,this study improves our understanding of the environmental regulations regarding tea quality and sheds new light on UV-B-induced flavonoid responses in higher plants.

The classification of plants by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy based on two chemometric methods

The applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) on classifying complex natural organics are relatively limited and their accuracy still requires improvement.In this work,to study the methods on classification of complex organics,three kinds of fresh leaves were measured by LIBS.100 spectra from 100 samples of each kind of leaves were measured and then they were divided into a training set and a test set in a ratio of 7:3.Two algorithms of chemometric methods including the partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) and principal component analysis Mahalanobis distance(PCA-MD) were used to identify these leaves.By using 23 lines from 16 elements or molecules as input data,these two methods can both classify these three kinds of leaves successfully.The classification accuracies of training sets are both up to 100% by PCA-MD and PLS-DA.The classification accuracies of the test set are 93.3% by PCA-MD and 97.8% by PLS-DA.It means that PLS-DA is better than PCA-MD in classifying plant leaves.Because the components in PLS-DA process are more suitable for classification than those in PCA-MD process.We think that this work can provide a reference for plant traceability using LIBS.

Theoretical expressions for soil particle detachment rate due to saltation bombardment in wind erosion

Saltation bombardment is a dominate dust emission mechanism in wind erosion.For loose surfaces,splash entrainment has been well understood theoretically.However,the mass loss predictions of cohesive soils are generally empirical in most wind erosion models.In this study,the soil particle detachment of a bare,smooth,dry,and uncrusted soil surface caused by saltation bombardment is modeled by means of classical mechanics.It is shown that detachment rate can be analytically expressed in terms of the kinetic energy or mass flux of saltating grains and several common mechanical parameters of soils,including Poisson's ratio,Young's modulus,cohesion and friction angle.The novel expressions can describe dust emission rate from cohesive surfaces and are helpful to quantify the anti-erodibility of soil.It is proposed that the mechanical properties of soils should be appropriately included in physically-based wind erosion models.

Shading effects revisited:Comparisons of spring and autumn shading treatments reveal a seasonal-dependent regulation on amino acids in tea leaves

Shading is an effective way to improve tea quality by modulating the accumulation of the flavor-related secondary metabolites of tea leaves.However,shading effects on amino acids have been conflicting for years as both shading-induced increases and decreases have been detected.This study aims to investigate the effects of shading levels on catechins and amino acids,in particular,a comparison was made in April and August to better understand the involvement of seasonal environmental parameters.Shading reduced major catechins(catechin,gallocatechin,epicatechin,epigallocatechin,epicatechin gallate,and epigallocatechin gallate)in both seasons.Heavy shading(80%−90%)increased total and individual amino acids(threonine,glutamic acid,and alanine)in April but decreased those in August.In both seasons,ᴏ-Phosphoethanolamine increased under heavy shading,butα-aminoadipic acid,ornithine and glutamine showed decreases.Theanine showed no shading response in April but decreased under heavy shading in August.These results indicate that shading-induced reduction of leaf catechins is mainly determined by shading level,but the shading effects on amino acids are seasonally-dependent.As our first report focuses on the synergistic effects of seasons,this study improves our understanding of shading regulation on secondary metabolites of tea leaves and guides shading treatments to improve tea quality.

The effects of circadian rhythm on catechin accumulation in tea leaves

As the major bitter-and astringent-tasting components in tea leaves,catechins play an essential role in determining flavor characteristics and health benefits of tea products.This study analyzed the circadian rhythm effects on the accumulation pattern of catechins in tender leaves of three tea cultivars,'Huangkui'(HK),'Longjing43'(LJ43)and'Fuding Dabaicha'(FD).There were two major factors involved in the catechin regulation in tea plants:genetic background of the cultivar-specific regulation,and temporal effects of the circadian rhythm.Etiolated leaves of'HK'contained lower levels of catechins than'LJ43'and'FD'.The composition of EGCG in total catechins was significantly higher in'LJ43'leaves(65%)when compared with that in'HK'and'FD'(45%).The accumulation of individual catechins increased during the daytime but decreased overnight,especially over the time period of 22:00−02:00.The correlation analysis between catechins and environmental factors indicated catechin accumulation in tea leaves potentially resulted from a combined regulation of light and temperature.These findings provide new insights into our understanding of circadian rhythm regulation on flavor-important secondary metabolites in tea leaves.

Carbamylation of Human Lens γ-crystaUins:Relevance to Cataract Formation

Cigarette smoking is a main source of cyanide in human body,which can be taken as a risk factor of cataract formation.In this study,combined gas chromatography and mass spectrum(GC/MS)was used todetermine the amino acid hydantoin after the incubation of soluble humanlensγ-crystallins with cyanate.The carbamylated amino acids obtained bythis procedure are alanine and hlycine,which are N-terminal amino acids ofγ-crystallin,and leucine.The aggregate,which can be observed incarbamylatedγ_1-crystallin on SDS-PAGE,may be related to the formation of disulfide and non-disulfide covalent bonds,and it seems that Y₂and Yy-crystallins can not be aggregated to any great extend.The results in this study indicate that the GC/MS is an effective method for analyzing the carbamylation of lens proteins;y-crystallin may play a very important role in the formation of cataract associated with accumulation of cyanate in human body,such as heavy smoking.

Expression of Med 19 Protein in Tongue Cancer and Its Significance

[Objectives] To study the expression of Med 19 protein in tongue cancer and its significance. [Methods] Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of Med 19 protein in tongue cancer tissue and paracancerous tissue. [Results]The expression of Med19 protein in tongue cancer tissue was higher than paracancerous tissue and normal tissue. The expression of Med 19 protein was related to the tumor lymph node metastasis. However,there was no significant difference in sex,age,Tumor Node Metastasis( TNM),and differentiation degree. [Conclusions] Med 19 protein participates in incidence and development of tongue cancer and may become diagnostic indicator and therapeutic target for tongue cancer.

Weakened tanning ability is an important mechanism for evolutionary skin lightening in East Asians

The evolution of light-skin pigmentation among Eurasians is considered as an adaptation to the high-latitude environments.East Asians are ideal populations for studying skin color evolution because of the complex environment of East Asia.Here,we report a strong selection signal for the pigmentation gene phenylalanine hydroxylase(PAH)in light-skinned Han Chinese individuals.The intron mutation rs10778203 in PAH is enriched in East Asians and is significantly associated with skin color of the back of the hand in Han Chinese males(P<0.05).In vitro luciferase and transcription factor binding assays show that the ancestral allele of rs10778203 could bind to SMAD2 and has a significant enhancer activity for PAH.However,the derived T allele(the major allele in East Asians)of rs10778203 decreases the binding activity of transcription factors and enhancer activity.Meanwhile,the derived T allele of rs10778203 shows a weaker ultraviolet radiation response in A375 cells and zebrafish embryos.Furthermore,rs10778203 decreases melanin production in transgenic zebrafish embryos after ultraviolet B(UVB)treatment.Collectively,PAH is a potential pigmentation gene that regulates skin tanning ability.Natural selection has enriched the adaptive allele,resulting in weakened tanning ability in East Asians,suggesting a unique genetic mechanism for evolutionary skin lightening in East Asians.

A survey of geothermal power generation combined with renewable energy for low carbon emissions

At present,industrial development is heavily dependent on traditional fossil energy,which has had an increasingly serious impact on the environment.Clean and renewable energy has received extensive attention and its proportion in daily life has gradually increased.As a clean and renewable energy source that is not affected by changes in weather and seasons,geothermal energy has developed rapidly in recent years and has received increasing attention.According to reports,the total installed capacity of geothermal power generation in the world in 2020 was 15950 MW-an increase of~27%over 2015.At the end of 2019,the total installed capacity for global geothermal direct use was 107727 MW-an increase of 52.0%compared with 2015;the total annual energy use was 1020887 TJ(283580 GWh)-an increase of 72.3%over 2015.Through the investigation of geothermal power generation technology in recent years,the characteristics and shortcomings of various power generation methods are analysed.At the same time,this review analyzes the characteristics of geothermal energy and other renewable-energy(solar energy,water energy)coupling power generation,and analyzes the principles and characteristics of geothermal energy and various new-energy coupling power generation methods.Through investigation and analysis,this review provides a complete understanding of various geothermal power generation technologies and provides insights into the future development direction.

近视合并原发性闭角型青光眼的眼前节参数特征

目的:分析近视合并原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)的眼前节参数特征及近视与PACG的关系。方法:多中心横断面研究。连续纳入2019年1月至2021年8月厦门大学附属眼科中心、四川大学华西医院眼科、深圳市眼科医院、大连市第三人民医院眼科、郑州市第二人民医院眼科等5个眼科中心明确诊断的近视合并PACG患者210例(263眼)。根据等效球镜度(SE)将受检眼分为低度近视组(SE-3.00~-1.00 D)、中度近视组(SE-6.00~-3.00 D)、高度近视组(SE≤-6.00 D)。根据眼轴长度(AL)将受检眼分为AL≤24 mm组和AL>24 mm组。所有患眼均接受常规眼科检查,采用主观验光仪进行屈光度检查,采用IOLMaster 700测定中央前房深度(ACD)、晶状体厚度(LT)、AL,根据公式计算SE、玻璃体腔长度(VL)、相对晶状体位置(RLP)。不同近视程度组间眼前节参数比较采用单因素方差分析,不同AL组间眼前节参数比较采用独立样本t检验。结果:低度近视组176眼,中度近视组60眼,高度近视组27眼,3组受检眼AL总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=27.95,P<0.001),其中高度近视组AL长于低度近视组和中度近视组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);3组间LT总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=5.81,P=0.003),其中高度近视组LT短于低度近视组和中度近视组(P=0.002、0.001);3组间RLP总体比较差异有统计学意义(F=13.69,P<0.001),其中高度近视组RLP比低度近视组和中度近视组更靠前(P<0.001)。AL>24 mm组受检眼ACD比AL≤24 mm组深(t=-2.60,P=0.010),但AL>24 mm组受检眼RLP比AL≤24 mm组更靠前(t=6.74,P<0.001)。结论:高度近视合并PACG的AL较长,LT较短,但RLP更靠前。相对拥挤的前房结构可能是此类近视患者发生房角关闭的原因之一。

可解释深度学习在光谱和医学影像分析中的应用

深度学习是一种基于神经网络的建模方法,通过不同功能感知层的构建获得优化模型,提取大量数据的内在规律,实现端到端的建模。数据规模的增长和计算能力的提高促进了深度学习在光谱及医学影像分析中的应用,但深度学习模型可解释性的不足是阻碍其应用的关键因素。为克服深度学习可解释性的不足,研究者提出并发展了可解释性方法。根据解释原理的不同,可解释性方法划分为可视化方法、模型蒸馏及可解释模型,其中可视化方法及模型蒸馏属于外部解释算法,在不改变模型结构的前提下解释模型,而可解释模型旨在使模型结构可解释。本文从算法角度介绍了深度学习及三类可解释性方法的原理,综述了近三年深度学习及可解释性方法在光谱及医学影像分析中的应用。多数研究聚焦于可解释性方法的建立,通过外部算法揭示模型的预测机制并解释模型,但构建可解释模型方面的研究相对较少。此外,采用大量标记数据训练模型是目前的主流研究方式,但给数据的采集带来了巨大的负担。基于小规模数据的训练策略、增强模型可解释性的方法及可解释模型的构建仍是未来的发展趋势。

A writable lithium metal ink

The recent revival of Li metal anodes(LMA)leads to a renewed interest in LMA as the ultimate choice for rechargeable lithium batteries towards high energy density.However,multiple challenges stand in the way of using LMA,of which high reactivity,dendrite growth,the difficulty of fabricating Li thin foils,and the flammability of organic liquid electrolytes are typical.Here,a writable Li metal ink(LMI)prepared by introducing biomass-derived carbon particles into molten Li is presented.Due to the significantly decreased surface tension,LMI is able to directly write on copper foils or other substrates that ultrathin Li foils with a remarkably small thickness(<10μm)can be achieved.The versatility of LMI is further demonstrated in addressing the interface issue between LMA and garnet-type solid-state electrolytes,where directly writing LMI on the garnet offers a perfect contact and enables an extremely low interfacial resistance of 6Ωcm^2,in sharp contrast to 939Ωcm^2 between the pure Li and the garnet.Due to the successful partnership with non-flammable solid-state electrolytes,ink-based technology may have a chance to bring us very close to the use of solid-state lithium metal batteries(SSLMBs)with high safety and high energy density.

A simple,rapid,and practical method for single-cell proteomics based on mass-adaptive coating of synthetic peptides

Since a typical mammalian cell contains only 200–300 picograms of proteins and the lack of a proteome amplification strategy[1],a practical and high-throughput approach for single-cell proteomics has long been awaited.A series of methods have been explored to make single-cell proteomics available.The design of nanoPOTS and OAD chip-based processes minimizes sample preparation steps and volumes to reduce sample loss[2,3].

The proline synthesis enzyme P5CS forms cytoophidia in Drosophila

Compartmentation of enzymes via filamentation has arisen as a mechanism for the regulation of metabolism.In 2010,three groups independently reported that CTP synthase(CTPS)can assemble into a filamentous structure termed the cytoophidium.In searching for CTPS-interacting proteins,here we perform a yeast two-hybrid screening of Drosophila proteins and identify a putative CTPS-interacting protein,△~1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase(P5CS).Using the Drosophila follicle cell as the in vivo model,we confirm that P5CS forms cytoophidia,which are associated with CTPS cytoophidia.Overexpression of P5CS increases the length of CTPS cytoophidia.Conversely,filamentation of CTPS affects the morphology of P5CS cytoophid ia.Finally,in vitro analyses confirm the filament-fo rming property of P5CS.Our work links CTPS with P5CS,two enzymes involved in the rate-limiting steps in pyrimidine and proline biosynthesis,respectively.

Mechanism study of trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference correlated to optic neuropathy in individuals with glaucoma

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness after cataract worldwide.However,among irreversible blinding eye diseases,glaucoma is the primary cause(Liang et al.,2011).To date,most studies have indicated that glaucoma is not only an ocular disease,but also an optic nerve disease.In particular,primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)is characterized by insidious onset,painless visual impairment,and complicated pathological mechanism,and patients with such condition require long-term follow-up.However,the underlying cause of POAG remains unclear,and there are several theories about its exact etiology.Some mechanisms have presented underlying optic nerve damage,which include the mechanical theory,vascular theory,and the in・volvement of other factors.

Deciphering the Role of Fluoroethylene Carbonate towards Highly Reversible Sodium Metal Anodes

Sodium metal anodes(SMAs)sufer from extremely low reversibility(<20%)in carbonate based clectrolytes-this piece of knowledge gained from previous studics has ruled out the application of carbonate solvents for sodium metal batteries.Here,we overturn this conclusion by incorporating fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC)as cosolvent that renders a Na plating/stripping fficiency of>95%with conventional NaPF。salt at a regular concentration(1.0M).The peculiar role of FEC is firstly.unraveled via its involvement into the solvation structure,where a threshold FEC concentration with a coordination number>1.2 is needed in guaranteeing high Na reversibility over the long-term.Specifially,by incorporating an average number of 1.2 FEC molecules into the primary Na*solvation sheath,lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)levels of such Nat-FEC solvates undergo further decrease,with spin electrons residing either on the O=C 0(O)moiety of FEC or sharing between Na*and its C=:O bond,which ensures a prior FEC decomposition in passivating the Na surface against other carbonate molecules.Further,by adopting cryogenic tranmission electron microscopy(cryo-TEM),we found that the Na filaments grow into substantially larger diameter from-400nm to>1 pum with addition of FEC upon the threshold value.A.highly crstalline and much thiner(-40 nm)slid-electrolyte interphase(SED)is consequently observed to uniformly wrap the Na surface,in contrast to the severely corroded Na as retrieved from the blank electrolyte.The potence of FEC is further demonstrated in a series of"corrosive solvents"such as ethy!l acetate(EA)。trimethyl phosphate(TMP),and actonitrile(AN)enabling highly reversible SMAs in the otherwise unusable solvent systems.

氟化高浓电解液实现无水氟化铜正极的可逆循环

无水氟化铜(CuF_(2))有望成为下一代锂电池正极材料,其高比容量(528 mA h g^(−1))和高工作电压(3.55 V vs.Li/Li^(+))使得其能量密度高达1874 W h kg^(−1).然而,由于充电时铜的溶解,CuF_(2)正极容易失活,这限制了其发展.本研究采用氟化高浓电解液抑制铜的溶解,从而实现了CuF_(2)正极的可逆循环.采用氟化高浓电解液后,CuF_(2)正极的容量在30次循环后仍保有228 mA h g^(−1),是使用传统碳酸酯类电解液的电池容量的近三倍.综上,本研究提出了一种电解质工程策略,可以实现CuF_(2)正极的可逆充放电.

Multi-Clock Snapshot Isolation Concurrency Control for NVM Database

Multi-Clock Snapshot Isolation(MCSI)is a concurrency control mechanism that implements snapshot isolation on a single-layer Non-Volatile Memory(NVM)database.It stores a single copy of data by using multi-version storage to ensure durability and runtime access.With multi-clock transaction timestamp assignment,MCSI can efficiently generate snapshots with vector clocks and use per-thread transaction status arrays to identify uncommitted versions in NVM.For evaluation,we compared MCSI with the PostgreSQL-style concurrency control used in the single-layer NVM database N2DB.The maximum transaction throughput of MCSI is 101%–195%higher than that of N2DB for the YCSB workloads,and 25%–49%higher for the TPC-C workloads.Moreover,the transaction latency of MCSI remains relatively stable as the thread count increases.With 18 worker threads,the average transaction latency of MCSI is 65%–84%lower than that of N2DB for the YCSB workloads and 16%–43%lower for the TPC-C workloads.