目的:分析中国2013年至2016年肿瘤专科医院镇痛药物使用情况,并以WHO癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗原则及NCCN指南为依据,分析中国肿瘤患者镇痛药物及辅助镇痛药物的使用现状,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性分析方法,调取2013~2016年中...目的:分析中国2013年至2016年肿瘤专科医院镇痛药物使用情况,并以WHO癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗原则及NCCN指南为依据,分析中国肿瘤患者镇痛药物及辅助镇痛药物的使用现状,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性分析方法,调取2013~2016年中国10家肿瘤专科医院肿瘤患者使用镇痛药物及辅助镇痛药物的数据,对药品剂型、金额、用药频度(the defined daily doses,DDDs)、日均费用(the defined daily cost,DDC)及药品排序比(the drug sequence ratio,B/A)进行统计分析。结果:在2013~2016年间中国使用镇痛治疗药物的患者占全部肿瘤患者数的12.6%,镇痛药物金额占全部肿瘤患者用药总金额的1.5%。镇痛治疗药物的使用以阿片类药物为主,占镇痛治疗药物金额的90.9%,其他类型镇痛治疗药物如抗惊厥类药物用量有所增加。患者镇痛治疗药物以口服、注射剂和外用给药途径为主,各品种镇痛治疗药物的DDDs排名基本稳定,芬太尼贴剂、艾司唑仑、羟考酮口服剂型、吗啡口服剂型和吲哚美辛栓剂DDDs值位居前列。大部分镇痛治疗药物的DDC值变化不大,反映其价格基本稳定,13种镇痛治疗药物的DDC值位于10~100。各类镇痛治疗药物的B/A值大部分接近1,其中位于0.5~1.5的共17种,占总药物种类的58.6%,表明用药同步性较好。结论:镇痛治疗药物在临床应用日趋增长,中国癌痛治疗基本遵从WHO推行的三阶梯用药原则,但也存在个别药品日均费用较高、同步性较差的问题,需进一步加强管理,癌痛治疗有待进一步规范。展开更多
Electrocatalytic water splitting provides a potentially sustainable approach for hydrogen production,but is typically restrained by kinetically slow anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)which is of lesser value.Here,f...Electrocatalytic water splitting provides a potentially sustainable approach for hydrogen production,but is typically restrained by kinetically slow anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)which is of lesser value.Here,free-standing,hetero-structured Ni_(3)N-Ni_(0.2)Mo_(0.8)N nanowire arrays are prepared on carbon cloth(CC)electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and glycerol oxidation reaction(GOR)to formate with a remarkably high Faradaic efficiency of 96%.A two-electrode electrolyzer for GOR-assisted hydrogen production operates with a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)at an applied cell voltage of 1.40 V,220 mV lower than for alkaline water splitting.In-situ Raman measurements identify Ni(Ⅲ)as the active form of the catalyst for GOR rather than Ni(IV)and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy measurements reveal pathways for GOR to formate.From density functional theory(DFT)calculations,the Ni_(3)N-Ni_(0.2)Mo_(0.8)N heterostructure is beneficial for optimizing adsorption energies of reagents and intermediates and for promoting HER and GOR activities by charge redistribution across the heterointerface.The same electrode also catalyzes conversion of ethylene glycol from polyethylene terephthalate(PET)plastic hydrolysate into formate.The combined results show that electrolytic H_(2) and formate production from alkaline glycerol and ethylene glycol solutions provide a promising strategy as a cost-effective energy supply.展开更多
Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe na...Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe nanomaterial supported on nanoflower-like N-doped graphitic carbon(NC)was prepared through a strategy of coordination construction-cation exchange-pyrolysis and used as a highly efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.Experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal the formation of Co/CoFe heterostructure and synergistic effect between metal layer and NC support,leading to improved electric conductivity,accelerated reaction kinetics,and optimized adsorption energy for intermediates of ORR and OER.The Co/CoFe@NC exhibits high bifunctional activities with a remarkably small potential gap of 0.70 V between the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of ORR and the potential at 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(j=10))of OER.The aqueous ZAB constructed using this air electrode exhibits a slight voltage loss of only 60 mV after 550-cycle test(360 h,15 days).A sodium polyacrylate(PANa)-based hydrogel electrolyte was synthesized with strong water-retention capability and high ionic conductivity.The quasi-solid-state ZAB by integrating the Co/CoFe@NC air electrode and PANa hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and cyclability under different bending states.展开更多
Aqueous battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices(BSHs)are of great importance to enrich electrochemical energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities.However,further improvement of BSHs in aqueous elec...Aqueous battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices(BSHs)are of great importance to enrich electrochemical energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities.However,further improvement of BSHs in aqueous electrolytes is greatly hampered by operating voltage and capacity limits.Different from the conventional intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism,Bi_(2)O_(3) implements charge storage by a reversible phase conversion mechanism.Herein,taking Bi_(2)O_(3) electrode with wide potential window(from-1.2 to 1 V vs.saturated calomel electrode)and high capacity as battery-type anode,we propose that the overall performance of aqueous BSHs can be greatly upgraded under neutral condition.By paring with stable layer-structuredδ-MnO_(2) cathode,a sodium-ion Bi_(2)O_(3)//MnO_(2) BSH with an ultrahigh voltage of 2.4 V in neutral sodium sulfate electrolyte is developed for the first time.This hybrid device exhibits high capacity(~215 C g^(-1) at 1 mA cm^(-2)),relatively long lifespan(~77.2%capacity retention after 1500 cycles),remarkable energy density(71.7 Wh kg^(-1)@400.5 W kg^(-1))and power density(3204.3 W kg^(-1)@18.8 Wh kg^(-1)).Electrochemical measurements combining a set of spectroscopic techniques reveal the reversible phase conversion between bismuth oxide and metallic bismuth(Bi_(2)O_(3)?Bi0)through Bi^(2+) transition phase in neutral sodium sulfate solution,which can deliver multielectron transfer up to 6,leading to the high-energy BSHs.Our work sheds light on the feasibility of using Bi_(2)O_(3) electrode under neutral condition to address the issue of narrow voltage and low capacity for aqueous BSHs.展开更多
文摘目的:分析中国2013年至2016年肿瘤专科医院镇痛药物使用情况,并以WHO癌痛三阶梯止痛治疗原则及NCCN指南为依据,分析中国肿瘤患者镇痛药物及辅助镇痛药物的使用现状,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性分析方法,调取2013~2016年中国10家肿瘤专科医院肿瘤患者使用镇痛药物及辅助镇痛药物的数据,对药品剂型、金额、用药频度(the defined daily doses,DDDs)、日均费用(the defined daily cost,DDC)及药品排序比(the drug sequence ratio,B/A)进行统计分析。结果:在2013~2016年间中国使用镇痛治疗药物的患者占全部肿瘤患者数的12.6%,镇痛药物金额占全部肿瘤患者用药总金额的1.5%。镇痛治疗药物的使用以阿片类药物为主,占镇痛治疗药物金额的90.9%,其他类型镇痛治疗药物如抗惊厥类药物用量有所增加。患者镇痛治疗药物以口服、注射剂和外用给药途径为主,各品种镇痛治疗药物的DDDs排名基本稳定,芬太尼贴剂、艾司唑仑、羟考酮口服剂型、吗啡口服剂型和吲哚美辛栓剂DDDs值位居前列。大部分镇痛治疗药物的DDC值变化不大,反映其价格基本稳定,13种镇痛治疗药物的DDC值位于10~100。各类镇痛治疗药物的B/A值大部分接近1,其中位于0.5~1.5的共17种,占总药物种类的58.6%,表明用药同步性较好。结论:镇痛治疗药物在临床应用日趋增长,中国癌痛治疗基本遵从WHO推行的三阶梯用药原则,但也存在个别药品日均费用较高、同步性较差的问题,需进一步加强管理,癌痛治疗有待进一步规范。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21403070,21573073)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0403102)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(B409)~~
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22072107,21872105)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19DZ2271500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Electrocatalytic water splitting provides a potentially sustainable approach for hydrogen production,but is typically restrained by kinetically slow anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)which is of lesser value.Here,free-standing,hetero-structured Ni_(3)N-Ni_(0.2)Mo_(0.8)N nanowire arrays are prepared on carbon cloth(CC)electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and glycerol oxidation reaction(GOR)to formate with a remarkably high Faradaic efficiency of 96%.A two-electrode electrolyzer for GOR-assisted hydrogen production operates with a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)at an applied cell voltage of 1.40 V,220 mV lower than for alkaline water splitting.In-situ Raman measurements identify Ni(Ⅲ)as the active form of the catalyst for GOR rather than Ni(IV)and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy measurements reveal pathways for GOR to formate.From density functional theory(DFT)calculations,the Ni_(3)N-Ni_(0.2)Mo_(0.8)N heterostructure is beneficial for optimizing adsorption energies of reagents and intermediates and for promoting HER and GOR activities by charge redistribution across the heterointerface.The same electrode also catalyzes conversion of ethylene glycol from polyethylene terephthalate(PET)plastic hydrolysate into formate.The combined results show that electrolytic H_(2) and formate production from alkaline glycerol and ethylene glycol solutions provide a promising strategy as a cost-effective energy supply.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872105,22072107)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19DZ2271500).
文摘Metal-air batteries,like Zn-air batteries(ZABs)are usually suffered from low energy conversion efficiency and poor cyclability caused by the sluggish OER and ORR at the air cathode.Herein,a novel bimetallic Co/CoFe nanomaterial supported on nanoflower-like N-doped graphitic carbon(NC)was prepared through a strategy of coordination construction-cation exchange-pyrolysis and used as a highly efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.Experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal the formation of Co/CoFe heterostructure and synergistic effect between metal layer and NC support,leading to improved electric conductivity,accelerated reaction kinetics,and optimized adsorption energy for intermediates of ORR and OER.The Co/CoFe@NC exhibits high bifunctional activities with a remarkably small potential gap of 0.70 V between the half-wave potential(E_(1/2))of ORR and the potential at 10 mA cm^(-2)(E_(j=10))of OER.The aqueous ZAB constructed using this air electrode exhibits a slight voltage loss of only 60 mV after 550-cycle test(360 h,15 days).A sodium polyacrylate(PANa)-based hydrogel electrolyte was synthesized with strong water-retention capability and high ionic conductivity.The quasi-solid-state ZAB by integrating the Co/CoFe@NC air electrode and PANa hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and cyclability under different bending states.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21872105, 22072107)the Science & Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19DZ2271500)。
文摘Aqueous battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices(BSHs)are of great importance to enrich electrochemical energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities.However,further improvement of BSHs in aqueous electrolytes is greatly hampered by operating voltage and capacity limits.Different from the conventional intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism,Bi_(2)O_(3) implements charge storage by a reversible phase conversion mechanism.Herein,taking Bi_(2)O_(3) electrode with wide potential window(from-1.2 to 1 V vs.saturated calomel electrode)and high capacity as battery-type anode,we propose that the overall performance of aqueous BSHs can be greatly upgraded under neutral condition.By paring with stable layer-structuredδ-MnO_(2) cathode,a sodium-ion Bi_(2)O_(3)//MnO_(2) BSH with an ultrahigh voltage of 2.4 V in neutral sodium sulfate electrolyte is developed for the first time.This hybrid device exhibits high capacity(~215 C g^(-1) at 1 mA cm^(-2)),relatively long lifespan(~77.2%capacity retention after 1500 cycles),remarkable energy density(71.7 Wh kg^(-1)@400.5 W kg^(-1))and power density(3204.3 W kg^(-1)@18.8 Wh kg^(-1)).Electrochemical measurements combining a set of spectroscopic techniques reveal the reversible phase conversion between bismuth oxide and metallic bismuth(Bi_(2)O_(3)?Bi0)through Bi^(2+) transition phase in neutral sodium sulfate solution,which can deliver multielectron transfer up to 6,leading to the high-energy BSHs.Our work sheds light on the feasibility of using Bi_(2)O_(3) electrode under neutral condition to address the issue of narrow voltage and low capacity for aqueous BSHs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21872105,22072107)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19DZ2271500)。
