基于Armstrong能量模型的非线性动态维拉里磁滞行为建模与验证

磁致伸缩材料工作在应力激励条件下的输出特性在很大程度上取决于偏置条件(预应力、偏置磁场)和激励频率。为指导磁致伸缩材料在动态应力驱动下的应用,需要建立一个能够适应各种操作条件的动态磁滞模型。该文结合Armstrong能量模型和J-A磁滞模型,建立了磁致伸缩材料的静态维拉里磁滞模型,通过引入频率相关时间常数的一阶微分方程将静态模型拓展为考虑动态损耗的动态非线性维拉里磁滞模型。利用粒子群遗传优化算法通过三个递进步骤提取模型参数。实验数据与模型计算数据的对比结果表明,该模型不仅能够充分描述预应力和偏置磁场对准静态维拉里效应的影响,而且能够反映在不同频率动态应力下磁通密度-应力(B-σ)动态小环和主环的变化趋势,该模型可为磁致伸缩材料器件在应力条件下的应用提供理论指导。

Output Voltage Model and Mechanical-Magnetic Design of Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvester with a Rotating Up-Frequency Structure1

A vibration energy harvester can harvest vibration energy in the environment and convert it into electrical energy to power the sensors in the Internet of Things.Human walking contains high-quality vibration energy,which serves as the energy source for vibration energy harvesters due to its abundant availability,high energy conversion efficiency,and environmental friendliness.It is difficult to harvest human walking vibration due to its low frequency.Converting the low-frequency vibration of human walking into high-frequency vibration has attracted attention.In previous studies,vibration energy harvesters typically increase frequency by raising excitation frequency or inducing free vibration.When walking frequency changes,the up-frequency method of raising the excitation frequency changes the voltage frequency,resulting in the best load resistance change and reducing the output power.The up-frequency method of inducing free vibration does not increase the external excitation frequency,which has relatively low output power.This paper designs a magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure.It consists of a rotating up-frequency structure,a magnetostrictive structure,coils,and bias magnets.The main body of the rotating up-frequency structure comprises a torsion bar and a flywheel with a dumbbell-shaped hole.The magnetostrictive structure includes four magnetostrictive metal sheets spliced by Galfenol and steel sheets.The torsion bar and flywheel interact to convert low-frequency linear vibration into rotating high-frequency excitation vibration of the flywheel.The flywheel plucks the magnetostrictive metal sheet with a high excitation frequency to generate free vibration.The vibration energy harvester increases the excitation frequency while inducing free vibration,which can effectively improve the output power.To characterize the excitation vibration and free vibration,based on the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,the vibration equation of the magnetostrictive metal sheet after being excited is given.According to the classical machine-magnetic coupling model and the Jiles-Atherton physical model,the relationship between stress and magnetization strength is derived.Combined with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,the distributed dynamic output voltage model is established.This model can predict the output voltage at different excitation frequencies.Based on this model,the mechanical-magnetic structural parameter optimization design is carried out.The parameters of the magnetostrictive metal sheet,the bias magnet,and the rotating up-frequency structure are determined.A comprehensive experimental system is established to test the device.The peak-to-peak voltage and output voltage signal by the proposed model are compared.The average relative deviation of the peak-to-peak voltage and the output voltage signal is 4.9%and 8.2%,respectively.The experimental results show that the output power is proportional to the excitation frequency.The optimum load resistance is always 800Ωas the excitation frequency changes,simplifying the impedance-matching process.The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of the device is 58.60 V,the maximum root mean square(RMS)voltage is 9.53 V,and the maximum RMS power is 56.20 mW.The magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure solves the problem of impedance matching,which improves the output power.The proposed distributed dynamic output voltage model can effectively predict the output characteristics.This study can provide structural and theoretical guidance for up-frequency structure vibration energy harvesters for human walking vibration.

磁致伸缩振动能量收集器的全耦合非线性等效电路模型

磁致伸缩材料具有应变大、响应速度快、稳定性好、频带宽的特点,是制作振动能量收集器的理想材料。当前磁致伸缩振动能量收集器建模主要利用线性压磁方程,此模型未能从材料自身耦合和磁路结构进行输出分析,导致输出预测误差较大。该文首先搭建了磁致伸缩材料磁特性测试装置,测试分析了磁致伸缩材料Galfenol合金在不同压应力尤其是大幅值应力下的磁特性;然后基于Gibbs自由能推导了Galfenol材料的全耦合非线性本构方程,进而构建了考虑漏磁、非线性、机磁耦合及饱和效应的振动能量收集器的等效电路模型,并对等效电路模型进行了非线性数学表征和参数识别;最后基于Galfenol材料设计了一个可以承受大幅值振动力的双棒型振动能量收集器样机,通过实验研究了收集器输出电压在不同力幅值、力频率、负载阻值等工况下的变化规律。实验结果与模型的计算结果对比分析表明,所建立的全耦合非线性等效电路模型可以准确预测振动能量收集器的输出电压特性。