提出一种以CaCl_(2)为氯化剂,采用氯化焙烧法从铜熔炼渣中高效回收锌的工艺。利用热力学计算、热重–差热(TG-DSC)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,研究氯化反应机理和氯化焙烧过程动力学。结果表明,CaCl_(2)氧化分解和所有含锌相的氯化反...提出一种以CaCl_(2)为氯化剂,采用氯化焙烧法从铜熔炼渣中高效回收锌的工艺。利用热力学计算、热重–差热(TG-DSC)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,研究氯化反应机理和氯化焙烧过程动力学。结果表明,CaCl_(2)氧化分解和所有含锌相的氯化反应温度均分别高于774.3和825℃。铜熔炼渣的氯化焙烧过程可分为4个阶段,依次为吸附水脱除、结晶水脱除、含铁相氧化和锌的氯化挥发。铁氧化阶段和锌氯化挥发阶段的表观活化能分别为101.70和84.4 k J/mol,铁氧化过程的最概然机理函数为Avrami–Erofeev方程(n=2),锌氯化过程符合未反应核收缩模型且受化学反应控制。展开更多
Quantum computers promise to solve finite-temperature properties of quantum many-body systems,which is generally challenging for classical computers due to high computational complexities.Here,we report experimental p...Quantum computers promise to solve finite-temperature properties of quantum many-body systems,which is generally challenging for classical computers due to high computational complexities.Here,we report experimental preparations of Gibbs states and excited states of Heisenberg X X and X X Z models by using a 5-qubit programmable superconducting processor.In the experiments,we apply a hybrid quantum–classical algorithm to generate finite temperature states with classical probability models and variational quantum circuits.We reveal that the Hamiltonians can be fully diagonalized with optimized quantum circuits,which enable us to prepare excited states at arbitrary energy density.We demonstrate that the approach has a self-verifying feature and can estimate fundamental thermal observables with a small statistical error.Based on numerical results,we further show that the time complexity of our approach scales polynomially in the number of qubits,revealing its potential in solving large-scale problems.展开更多
In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research resu...In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research results concerning the relationship between the Cu content of the matte and slag in the SKS process; the results are based on actual industrial production in the Dongying Fangyuan copper smelter. The results show that the matte grade strongly influences Cu losses in slag. The dissolved and entrained losses account for 10%–20% and 80%–90% of the total SKS industrial Cu losses in slag, respectively. With increasing matte grade, the dissolved and entrained Cu losses in the SKS slag both increase continuously. When the matte grade is greater than 68%, the content of Cu in the smelting slag increases much more dramatically. To obtain a high direct recovery of copper, the matte grade should be less than 75% in industrial SKS copper production.展开更多
Nickel was recovered from nickel laterite using a sulfation-roasting-leaching process and the effects of operation parameters in- cluding acid addition, roasting temperature, and roasting time on nickel extraction and...Nickel was recovered from nickel laterite using a sulfation-roasting-leaching process and the effects of operation parameters in- cluding acid addition, roasting temperature, and roasting time on nickel extraction and iron dissolution were investigated using response sur- face methodology (RSM). Two second-order polynomial models of high significance were presented to show the relationship between the responses and the variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.894 and 0.980 for the two models, respectively. Optimum areas of 〉-80% Ni extraction and 〈5% Fe dissolution were obtained by the overlaid contours. Verification experiments in the optimum areas were conducted and the results indicate a close agreement with the predicted values obtained from the models.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52074363, 52104355, 51922108, U20A20273)the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2019YFC1907402)。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074363,52104355,51922108,U20A20273)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2019YFC1907402,2018YFC1902501)。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52004342)Innovation-driven Project of Central South University,China(No.150240015)Natural Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholar of Hunan Province,China(No.2021JJ20065).
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902239)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2020JQ-808)the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students,China(No.202110702040)。
文摘提出一种以CaCl_(2)为氯化剂,采用氯化焙烧法从铜熔炼渣中高效回收锌的工艺。利用热力学计算、热重–差热(TG-DSC)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,研究氯化反应机理和氯化焙烧过程动力学。结果表明,CaCl_(2)氧化分解和所有含锌相的氯化反应温度均分别高于774.3和825℃。铜熔炼渣的氯化焙烧过程可分为4个阶段,依次为吸附水脱除、结晶水脱除、含铁相氧化和锌的氯化挥发。铁氧化阶段和锌氯化挥发阶段的表观活化能分别为101.70和84.4 k J/mol,铁氧化过程的最概然机理函数为Avrami–Erofeev方程(n=2),锌氯化过程符合未反应核收缩模型且受化学反应控制。
基金Project supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11934018,11747601,and 11975294)+4 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB28000000)Scientific Instrument Developing Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.YJKYYQ20200041)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z200009)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2020B0303030001)Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDB-SSW-SYS032)。
文摘Quantum computers promise to solve finite-temperature properties of quantum many-body systems,which is generally challenging for classical computers due to high computational complexities.Here,we report experimental preparations of Gibbs states and excited states of Heisenberg X X and X X Z models by using a 5-qubit programmable superconducting processor.In the experiments,we apply a hybrid quantum–classical algorithm to generate finite temperature states with classical probability models and variational quantum circuits.We reveal that the Hamiltonians can be fully diagonalized with optimized quantum circuits,which enable us to prepare excited states at arbitrary energy density.We demonstrate that the approach has a self-verifying feature and can estimate fundamental thermal observables with a small statistical error.Based on numerical results,we further show that the time complexity of our approach scales polynomially in the number of qubits,revealing its potential in solving large-scale problems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52004342)the Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University,China(No.150240015)the Natural Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholar of Hunan Province,China(No.2021JJ20065).
基金Project(51474257) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2015zzts037) supported by the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Projects of Hunan province,ChinaProject(2015JC3005) supported by the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Hunan Province,China
基金Project (51474257) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2015zzts037) supported by the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Projects of Hunan Province,ChinaProject (2015JC3005) supported by the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Hunan Province,China
基金Project(51604303) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019JJ20031) supported by the Hunan Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar,China
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51620105013)Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd.
文摘In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research results concerning the relationship between the Cu content of the matte and slag in the SKS process; the results are based on actual industrial production in the Dongying Fangyuan copper smelter. The results show that the matte grade strongly influences Cu losses in slag. The dissolved and entrained losses account for 10%–20% and 80%–90% of the total SKS industrial Cu losses in slag, respectively. With increasing matte grade, the dissolved and entrained Cu losses in the SKS slag both increase continuously. When the matte grade is greater than 68%, the content of Cu in the smelting slag increases much more dramatically. To obtain a high direct recovery of copper, the matte grade should be less than 75% in industrial SKS copper production.
基金financial supports from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1907400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51904351,51620105013)。
基金The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51620105013,51904351)Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University,China(No.2020CX028)+1 种基金Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar of Hunan Province,China(No.2019JJ20031)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1907400)。
文摘Nickel was recovered from nickel laterite using a sulfation-roasting-leaching process and the effects of operation parameters in- cluding acid addition, roasting temperature, and roasting time on nickel extraction and iron dissolution were investigated using response sur- face methodology (RSM). Two second-order polynomial models of high significance were presented to show the relationship between the responses and the variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed high coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.894 and 0.980 for the two models, respectively. Optimum areas of 〉-80% Ni extraction and 〈5% Fe dissolution were obtained by the overlaid contours. Verification experiments in the optimum areas were conducted and the results indicate a close agreement with the predicted values obtained from the models.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52004342)Innovation-driven Project of Central South University,China(No.502501015)the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar of Hunan Province,China(No.2019JJ20031)。
基金the financial supports from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1907400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51904351,51620105013)。