Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus(PBNSPaV)has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries,causing significant economic losses.The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses ...Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus(PBNSPaV)has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries,causing significant economic losses.The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance.However,numerous studies have indicated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection.The role of small hydrophobic protein P6,encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV,has not been well explored.In this study,we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain.Subcellular localization analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes to the cytomembrane and nuclear membrane.To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins,we constructed a PVX-P6 expression vector by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X(PVX)-based vector and transformed it into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101.Infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana(N.benthamiana)with the PVX vector-transformed A.tumefaciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation.Meanwhile,infiltration with the PVX-P6 vector-transformed A.tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms.These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N.benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX.Our study indicates that P6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms,and the mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remains to be further studied.展开更多
The harsh environment in the Tibetan plateau,the highest place in the world,poses thermoregulatory challenges and hypoxic stress to animals.The impacts of plateau environment on animal physiology and reproduction incl...The harsh environment in the Tibetan plateau,the highest place in the world,poses thermoregulatory challenges and hypoxic stress to animals.The impacts of plateau environment on animal physiology and reproduction include external factors such as strong ultraviolet radiation and low temperature,and internal factors such as animal metabolites and gut microbiota.However,it remains unclear how plateau pika adapt to high altitudes through the combination of serum metabolites and gut microbiota.To this end,we captured 24 wild plateau pikas at the altitudes of 3400,3600,or 3800 m a.s.l.in a Tibetan alpine grassland.Using the machine learning algorithms(random forest),we identified five biomarkers of serum metabolites indicative of the altitudes,that is,dihydrotestosterone,homo-l-arginine,alpha-ketoglutaric-acid,serotonin,and threonine,which were related to body weight,reproduction,and energy metabolism of pika.Those metabolic biomarkers were positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae_Agathobacter,Ruminococcaceae,or Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,suggesting the close relationship between metabolites and gut microbiota.By identifying the metabolic biomarkers and gut microbiota analysis,we reveal the mechanisms of adaptation to high altitudes in plateau pika.展开更多
Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained.Rho of Plants(ROP)proteins,which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants,regulate...Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained.Rho of Plants(ROP)proteins,which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants,regulate tip growth.The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth,and requires at least one positive feedback loop,which is still elusive.Here,we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs,in which ROPs,ROP activators and effectors,and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation.AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors(GEFs)of ROPs,RopGEF4 and RopGEF10.They also interact with two ROP effectors,ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4,which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5.Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling.We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation.Interestingly,we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs.Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants,this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.展开更多
In order to improve sprinkler irrigation quality and promote actual irrigation efficiency,the influence analysis of sprinkler irrigation effectiveness(SIE)using ANFIS(Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System)was impleme...In order to improve sprinkler irrigation quality and promote actual irrigation efficiency,the influence analysis of sprinkler irrigation effectiveness(SIE)using ANFIS(Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System)was implemented to balance moisture infiltration and water redistribution in soil field.Firstly,using a detailed description of governing equations proposed for sprinkler irrigation flow,the theoretical foundation and mathematical model of irrigation effectiveness can be established;Secondly,based on a complete preparation of experimental irrigation conditions,a series of calibration indexes quantifying SIE for sprinkler irrigation quality and infiltration efficiency were proposed;Then thirdly,a novel ANFIS system was designed and introduced to evaluate these key effectiveness indexes in actual working operations,so that a series of detailed influence analysis and comprehensive infiltration assessment focusing on sprinkler irrigation effectiveness could be achieved afterwards,which result to the realization of better infiltration equilibrium and higher water redistribution efficiency in actual irrigation test.Therefore,the qualification of sprinkler irrigation effectiveness was achieved,and in addition,the moisture infiltration improvement and soil moisture uniformity were facilitated also in return.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102143)Shandong Province Natural Sciences Foundation of China(ZR2019PC011 and ZR2020QC122)+1 种基金Scientific Research Foundation for Ph.D.Programs of Zaozhuang University(2018BS040 and 2018BS042)Science and Technology Program of Zaozhuang(2019NS03).
文摘Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus(PBNSPaV)has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries,causing significant economic losses.The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance.However,numerous studies have indicated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection.The role of small hydrophobic protein P6,encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV,has not been well explored.In this study,we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain.Subcellular localization analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes to the cytomembrane and nuclear membrane.To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins,we constructed a PVX-P6 expression vector by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X(PVX)-based vector and transformed it into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101.Infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana(N.benthamiana)with the PVX vector-transformed A.tumefaciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation.Meanwhile,infiltration with the PVX-P6 vector-transformed A.tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms.These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N.benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX.Our study indicates that P6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms,and the mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remains to be further studied.
基金The authors are very grateful for the valuable comments on manuscript revisions of the editor.The authors are grateful to Metware Biotechnology Co.,Ltd for their contribution and assistance in Targeted 500 metabolomics analysis.This study was financially supported by the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province(2023-NK-147)the Foundation of Science and Technology of Gansu Province(22JR5RA457)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2022-ct04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32061123004)the Open Fund Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Genetic Diseases(GXWCH-ZDKF-2022-15,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)the Open Fund Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Birth Defect Prevention(GXWCH-ZDKF-2022-09,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)the Foundation of Guangxi Health Commission(S2021068).
文摘The harsh environment in the Tibetan plateau,the highest place in the world,poses thermoregulatory challenges and hypoxic stress to animals.The impacts of plateau environment on animal physiology and reproduction include external factors such as strong ultraviolet radiation and low temperature,and internal factors such as animal metabolites and gut microbiota.However,it remains unclear how plateau pika adapt to high altitudes through the combination of serum metabolites and gut microbiota.To this end,we captured 24 wild plateau pikas at the altitudes of 3400,3600,or 3800 m a.s.l.in a Tibetan alpine grassland.Using the machine learning algorithms(random forest),we identified five biomarkers of serum metabolites indicative of the altitudes,that is,dihydrotestosterone,homo-l-arginine,alpha-ketoglutaric-acid,serotonin,and threonine,which were related to body weight,reproduction,and energy metabolism of pika.Those metabolic biomarkers were positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae_Agathobacter,Ruminococcaceae,or Prevotellaceae_Prevotella,suggesting the close relationship between metabolites and gut microbiota.By identifying the metabolic biomarkers and gut microbiota analysis,we reveal the mechanisms of adaptation to high altitudes in plateau pika.
基金This work is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31625003,31271578,31871422 to Y.Z.,31771558 and 31970332 to S.L.)Yan Zhang's lab is partially supported by Tai-Shan Scholar program by Shandong Provincial Government.
文摘Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained.Rho of Plants(ROP)proteins,which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants,regulate tip growth.The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth,and requires at least one positive feedback loop,which is still elusive.Here,we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs,in which ROPs,ROP activators and effectors,and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation.AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors(GEFs)of ROPs,RopGEF4 and RopGEF10.They also interact with two ROP effectors,ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4,which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5.Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling.We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation.Interestingly,we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs.Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants,this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.
基金the funding of following science foundations:National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975136,51575116,U1601204)China National Spark Program(2015GA780065)+6 种基金The Science and Technology Innovative Research Team Program in Higher Educational Universities of Guangdong Province(2017KCXTD025)The Innovative Academic Team Project of Guangzhou Education System(1201610013)The Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2017A010102014,2016A010102022)The Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou Municipal Government(201707010293)The Water Resource Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province of China(2012-11)Guangzhou University's 2017 training program for young top-notch personnels(BJ201701)The Postgraduate Education Innovation Program of Guangdong Province(2016SQXX14,2016XSLT24)。
文摘In order to improve sprinkler irrigation quality and promote actual irrigation efficiency,the influence analysis of sprinkler irrigation effectiveness(SIE)using ANFIS(Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System)was implemented to balance moisture infiltration and water redistribution in soil field.Firstly,using a detailed description of governing equations proposed for sprinkler irrigation flow,the theoretical foundation and mathematical model of irrigation effectiveness can be established;Secondly,based on a complete preparation of experimental irrigation conditions,a series of calibration indexes quantifying SIE for sprinkler irrigation quality and infiltration efficiency were proposed;Then thirdly,a novel ANFIS system was designed and introduced to evaluate these key effectiveness indexes in actual working operations,so that a series of detailed influence analysis and comprehensive infiltration assessment focusing on sprinkler irrigation effectiveness could be achieved afterwards,which result to the realization of better infiltration equilibrium and higher water redistribution efficiency in actual irrigation test.Therefore,the qualification of sprinkler irrigation effectiveness was achieved,and in addition,the moisture infiltration improvement and soil moisture uniformity were facilitated also in return.