Cells are compartmentalized by numerous membrane-enclosed organelles and membraneless compartments to ensure that a wide variety of cellular activities occur in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The molecu...Cells are compartmentalized by numerous membrane-enclosed organelles and membraneless compartments to ensure that a wide variety of cellular activities occur in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamics of membrane-bound organelles, such as their fusion and fission, vesicle-mediated trafficking and membrane contactmediated inter-organelle interactions, have been extensively characterized. However, the molecular details of the assembly and functions of membraneless compartments remain elusive. Mounting evidence has emerged recently that a large number of membraneless compartments, collectively called biomacromolecular condensates, are assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS). Phase-separated condensates participate in various biological activities, including higher-order chromatin organization,gene expression, triage of misfolded or unwanted proteins for autophagic degradation, assembly of signaling clusters and actin-and microtubule-based cytoskeletal networks, asymmetric segregations of cell fate determinants and formation of pre-and post-synaptic density signaling assemblies. Biomacromolecular condensates can transition into different material states such as gel-like structures and solid aggregates. The material properties of condensates are crucial for fulfilment of their distinct functions, such as biochemical reaction centers, signaling hubs and supporting architectures. Cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure that biomacromolecular condensates are assembled and disassembled in a tightly controlled manner. Aberrant phase separation and transition are causatively associated with a variety of human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This review summarizes recent major progress in elucidating the roles of LLPS in various biological pathways and diseases.展开更多
Motile cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles important for cell locomotion and extracellular liquid flow through beating. Although axonenal dyneins that drive ciliary beat have been extensively studied i...Motile cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles important for cell locomotion and extracellular liquid flow through beating. Although axonenal dyneins that drive ciliary beat have been extensively studied in unicellular Chlamydomonas, to what extent such knowledge can be applied to vertebrate is poorly known. In Chlamydomonas, Dynein-f controls flagellar waveforms but is dispensable for beating. The flagellar assembly of its heavy chains (HCs) requires its intermediate chain (IC) IC140 but not IC138. Here we show that, unlike its Chlamydomonas counte『part, vertebrate Dynein-f is essential for ciliary beat. We confirmed that Wdr78 is the vertebrate orthologue of IC3 Wdr78 associated with Dynein-f subunits such as Dnah2 (a HC) and Wdr63 (IC140 orthologue). It was expressed as a motile cilium-specific protein in mammalian cells. Depletion of Wdr78 or Dnah2 by RNAi paralyzed mouse ependymal cilia. Zebrafish Wdr78 morphants displayed ciliopathy-related phenotypes, such as curved bodies, hydrocephalus, abnormal otolith, randomized left-right asymmetry, and pronephric cysts, accompanied with paralyzed pronephric cilia. Furthermore, all the HCs and ICs of Dynein-f failed to localize in the Wdr78-depleted mouse ependymal cilia. Therefore, both the functions and subunit dependency of Dynein-fare altered in evolution, probably to comply with ciliary roles in higher organisms.展开更多
Cilia are cellular protrusions containing nine microtubule(MT)doublets and function to propel cell movement or extracellular liquid flow through beating or sense environmental stimuli through signal transductions.Cili...Cilia are cellular protrusions containing nine microtubule(MT)doublets and function to propel cell movement or extracellular liquid flow through beating or sense environmental stimuli through signal transductions.Cilia require the central pair(CP)apparatus,consisting of two CP MTs covered with projections of CP proteins,for planar strokes.How the CP MTs of such‘9+2’cilia are constructed,however,remains unknown.Here we identify Spef1,an evolutionarily conserved microtubule-bundling protein,as a core CP MT regulator in mammalian cilia.Spef1 was selectively expressed in mammalian cells with 9+2 cilia and specifically localized along the CP.Its depletion in multiciliated mouse ependymal cells by RNAi completely abolished the CP MTs and markedly attenuated ciliary localizations of CP proteins such as Hydin and Spag6,resulting in rotational beat of the ependymal cilia.Spef1,which binds to MTs through its N-terminal calponin.homologous domain,formed homodimers through its C-terminal coiled coil region to bundle and stabilize MTs.Disruption of either the MT-binding or the dimerization activity abolished the ability of exogenous Spef1 to restore the structure and functions of the CP apparatus.We propose that Spefl bundles and stabilizes central MTs to enable the assembly and functions of the CP apparatus.展开更多
Dear Editor,O-GIcNAcylation is a nutrient sensor that is particularly sensitive to environmental glucose(Hardiville and Hart,2014).Glucose can be converted to UDP-GIcNAc through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway,pro...Dear Editor,O-GIcNAcylation is a nutrient sensor that is particularly sensitive to environmental glucose(Hardiville and Hart,2014).Glucose can be converted to UDP-GIcNAc through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway,providing a substrate for O-GIcNAcylation.Two enzymes participate in this reversible modification,O-GIcNAc transferase(OGT),which adds a single GIcNAc residue to the serine/threonine sites of proteins,and O-GIcNAcase(OGA),which removes the residue(Yang and Qian,2017).展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Committee (Z181100001318003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31421002, 31561143001,31630048, and 31790403)+17 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91853113 and 31872716)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11672317)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871394 and 31670730)supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31420103916 and 31991192)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2017YFA0503401)supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFA0707000)supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFA0508401)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (XDB19000000)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (QYZDY-SSW-SMC006)supported by funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2017YFA0506600 and 31871309)supported by funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (2019YFA0508403 and 31871443)supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFA0501902)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (18JC1420500)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2019SHZDZX02)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2018SHZDZX01)CAS (XDB19020102)supported by grants from RGC of Hong Kong (AoE-M09-12 and C6004-17G)National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0501903 and 2019YFA0508402)。
文摘Cells are compartmentalized by numerous membrane-enclosed organelles and membraneless compartments to ensure that a wide variety of cellular activities occur in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamics of membrane-bound organelles, such as their fusion and fission, vesicle-mediated trafficking and membrane contactmediated inter-organelle interactions, have been extensively characterized. However, the molecular details of the assembly and functions of membraneless compartments remain elusive. Mounting evidence has emerged recently that a large number of membraneless compartments, collectively called biomacromolecular condensates, are assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS). Phase-separated condensates participate in various biological activities, including higher-order chromatin organization,gene expression, triage of misfolded or unwanted proteins for autophagic degradation, assembly of signaling clusters and actin-and microtubule-based cytoskeletal networks, asymmetric segregations of cell fate determinants and formation of pre-and post-synaptic density signaling assemblies. Biomacromolecular condensates can transition into different material states such as gel-like structures and solid aggregates. The material properties of condensates are crucial for fulfilment of their distinct functions, such as biochemical reaction centers, signaling hubs and supporting architectures. Cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure that biomacromolecular condensates are assembled and disassembled in a tightly controlled manner. Aberrant phase separation and transition are causatively associated with a variety of human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This review summarizes recent major progress in elucidating the roles of LLPS in various biological pathways and diseases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC31330045)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0503500)Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDBl9020000)NSFC (31471323) to X.Y.
文摘Motile cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles important for cell locomotion and extracellular liquid flow through beating. Although axonenal dyneins that drive ciliary beat have been extensively studied in unicellular Chlamydomonas, to what extent such knowledge can be applied to vertebrate is poorly known. In Chlamydomonas, Dynein-f controls flagellar waveforms but is dispensable for beating. The flagellar assembly of its heavy chains (HCs) requires its intermediate chain (IC) IC140 but not IC138. Here we show that, unlike its Chlamydomonas counte『part, vertebrate Dynein-f is essential for ciliary beat. We confirmed that Wdr78 is the vertebrate orthologue of IC3 Wdr78 associated with Dynein-f subunits such as Dnah2 (a HC) and Wdr63 (IC140 orthologue). It was expressed as a motile cilium-specific protein in mammalian cells. Depletion of Wdr78 or Dnah2 by RNAi paralyzed mouse ependymal cilia. Zebrafish Wdr78 morphants displayed ciliopathy-related phenotypes, such as curved bodies, hydrocephalus, abnormal otolith, randomized left-right asymmetry, and pronephric cysts, accompanied with paralyzed pronephric cilia. Furthermore, all the HCs and ICs of Dynein-f failed to localize in the Wdr78-depleted mouse ependymal cilia. Therefore, both the functions and subunit dependency of Dynein-fare altered in evolution, probably to comply with ciliary roles in higher organisms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31330045)National Key R&D Program of China(2O17YFAO5O35OO)+1 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDBl9020000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601092 to LZ and 31771495 to X.Y.).
文摘Cilia are cellular protrusions containing nine microtubule(MT)doublets and function to propel cell movement or extracellular liquid flow through beating or sense environmental stimuli through signal transductions.Cilia require the central pair(CP)apparatus,consisting of two CP MTs covered with projections of CP proteins,for planar strokes.How the CP MTs of such‘9+2’cilia are constructed,however,remains unknown.Here we identify Spef1,an evolutionarily conserved microtubule-bundling protein,as a core CP MT regulator in mammalian cilia.Spef1 was selectively expressed in mammalian cells with 9+2 cilia and specifically localized along the CP.Its depletion in multiciliated mouse ependymal cells by RNAi completely abolished the CP MTs and markedly attenuated ciliary localizations of CP proteins such as Hydin and Spag6,resulting in rotational beat of the ependymal cilia.Spef1,which binds to MTs through its N-terminal calponin.homologous domain,formed homodimers through its C-terminal coiled coil region to bundle and stabilize MTs.Disruption of either the MT-binding or the dimerization activity abolished the ability of exogenous Spef1 to restore the structure and functions of the CP apparatus.We propose that Spefl bundles and stabilizes central MTs to enable the assembly and functions of the CP apparatus.
基金We thank Dr.Wen Ning for providing the Ube-Cre-ERT2 mice.This work was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0503502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31991193).Fan Yu,Te Li。Yanchao Sui,Qingxia Chen,Song Yang,Jia Yang,Renjie Hong,Dengwen they have no conflict of interest.All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were fllowed.Li,Xiumin Yan,Wei Zhao,Xueliang Zhu,and Jun Zhou declare that。
文摘Dear Editor,O-GIcNAcylation is a nutrient sensor that is particularly sensitive to environmental glucose(Hardiville and Hart,2014).Glucose can be converted to UDP-GIcNAc through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway,providing a substrate for O-GIcNAcylation.Two enzymes participate in this reversible modification,O-GIcNAc transferase(OGT),which adds a single GIcNAc residue to the serine/threonine sites of proteins,and O-GIcNAcase(OGA),which removes the residue(Yang and Qian,2017).