Study on Spoilage Microorganism of Cabbage During Storage

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the spoilage microorganisms in the storage process of Chinese flowering cabbage.[Methods]Pathogenic bacteria were separated and purified from rotted Chinese flowering cabbage during storage.The gradient dilution culture method and streaking purification method were applied to selectively cultivate spoilage microorganisms for separation and observation.The isolated strains were identified through the ITS and sequence analysis of 16 S rDNA combined with the morphological characteristics and physiological and biochemical properties of the microbes.On the basis of morphology,combined with gene sequence analysis,the isolated pathogenic bacteria A1,A2,A3,and A4 were identified by PCR using the bacterial universal primer 16 S rDNA sequences,and B1 was amplified using the fungal universal primer ITS sequence.The gene sequences obtained by sequencing were subjected to homologous sequence alignment in the NCBI gene library to determine the biological classification of the spoilage bacteria.[Results]The results showed that the four bacteria numbered A1,A2,A3,and A4 were Klebsiella,Acinetobacter baylyi,Staphylococcus epidermidis,and Pseudomonas,respectively.The saprophytic fungus labeled B1 was Streptomyces albus.Re-contacting it to Chinese flowering cabbage caused the cabbage to rot,so it was the main saprophytic fungus that caused the cabbage to rot after picking.Therefore,the main spoilage microorganisms during storage of Chinese flowering cabbage were Klebsiella,A.baylyi,S.epidermidis,Pseudomonas,and S.albus.[Conclusions]This study provides a certain scientific basis and theoretical basis for the storage and preservation of Chinese flowering cabbage.

Stabilizing semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with a polymer composite hole transport layer

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)have broad applications in building integrated photovoltaics.However,the stability of ST-PSCs needs to be improved,especially in n-i-p ST-PSCs since the doped 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD)is unstable at elevated temperatures and high humidity.In this work,aπ-conjugated polymer poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione)](PBDB-T)is selected to form a polymer composite hole transport layer(HTL)with Spiro-OMeTAD.The sulfur atom of the thiophene unit and the carbonyl group of the polymer interact with the undercoordinated Pb2+at the perovskite surface,which stabilizes the perovskite/HTL interface and passivates the interfacial defects.The incorporation of the polymer also increases the glass transition temperature and the moisture resistance of Spiro-OMeTAD.As a result,we obtain ST-PSCs with a champion efficiency of 13.71%and an average visible light transmittance of 36.04%.Therefore,a high light utilization efficiency of 4.94%can be obtained.Moreover,the encapsulated device can maintain 84%of the initial efficiency after 751 h under continuous one-sun illumination(at 30%relative humidity)at the open circuit and the unencapsulated device can maintain 80%of the initial efficiency after maximum power tracking for more than 1250 h under continuous one-sun illumination.

Long-term functional outcomes improved with deep brain stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness

Background Deep brain stimulation(DBS)has been preliminarily applied to treat patients with disorders of consciousness(DoCs).The study aimed to determine whether DBS was effective for treating patients with DoC and identify factors related to patients’outcomes.Methods Data from 365 patients with DoCs who were consecutively admitted from 15 July 2011 to 31 December 2021 were retrospectively analysed.Multivariate regression and subgroup analysis were performed to adjust for potential confounders.The primary outcome was improvement in consciousness at 1 year.Results An overall improvement in consciousness at 1 year was achieved in 32.4%(12/37)of the DBS group compared with 4.3%(14/328)of the conservative group.After full adjustment,DBS significantly improved consciousness at 1 year(adjusted OR 11.90,95%CI 3.65-38.46,p<0.001).There was a significant treatment×follow up interaction(H=14.99,p<0.001).DBS had significantly better effects in patients with minimally conscious state(MCS)compared with patients with vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome(p for interaction<0.001).A nomogram based on age,state of consciousness,pathogeny and duration of DoCs indicated excellent predictive performance(c-index=0.882).Conclusions DBS was associated with better outcomes in patients with DoC,and the effect was likely to be significantly greater in patients with MCS.DBS should be cautiously evaluated by nomogram preoperatively,and randomised controlled trials are still needed.

Spatial Properties of Mismatch Negativity in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness

In recent decades, event-related potentials have been used for the clinical electrophysiological assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. In this paper, an oddball paradigm with two types of frequencydeviant stimulus （standard stimuli were pure tones of 1000 Hz; small deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1050 Hz; large deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1200 Hz） was applied to elicit mismatch negativity （MMN） in 30 patients with DOCs diagnosed using the JFK Coma Recovery Scale- Revised （CRS-R）. The results showed that the peak amplitudes of MMN elicited by both large and small deviant stimuli were significantly different from baseline. In terms of the spatial properties of MMN, a significant interaction effect between conditions （small and large deviant stimuli） and electrode nodes was centered at the frontocentral area. Furthermore, correlation coefficients were calculated between MMN amplitudes and CRS-R scores for each electrode among all participants to generate topographic maps. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation between the MMN amplitudes elicited by large deviant stimuli and the CRS-R scores was also found at the frontocentral area. In consequence, our results combine the above spatial properties of MMN in patients with DOCs, and provide a more precise location （frontocentral area） at which to evaluate the correlation between clinical electrophysiological assessment and the level of consciousness.

Glycomolecules in Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses via c-Raf

Cystic echinococcosis,which is caused by larval infection of Echinococcus granulosus(E.granulosus)sensu lato,is a widespread chronic cyst-forming helminthic disease that affects up to 3 million people.1 E.granulosus can actively divert the host immune response towards anergy and anti-inflammatory pathways.2 Previous studies have shown that E.granulosus can escape host immunosurveillance by modulating the maturation of dendritic cells(DCs).3,4 Nevertheless,how E.granulosus,an extracellular pathogen,modulates the inflammatory response in DCs remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the effects of E.granulosus cyst fluid(EgCF)on bone marrow-derived DCs(BMDCs)exposed to LPS,an inflammatory stimulus,and the mechanisms involved in the EgCF–DCs immune modulation.

Binding of Divalent H-2K^(d)/IgG2aFc Fusion Protein to Murine Macrophage via Fc-FcR Interaction

Peptide-MHC class I complex （pMHC） is a specific ligand for TCR recognition, and important for CD8^＋T cell activation. Here we described a genetically engineered divalent class I major histocompatibility complex （MHC） molecule, H-2K^d/IgG2aFc, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domains of H-2K^d, a murine MHC class I molecule, and the Fc region of IgG2a. This fusion protein is expected to attach the H-2K^d molecule to the surface of murine macrophage （MФ） through its Fc portion binding to Fc receptor （FcR） of MФ. cDNAs coding for the extracellular domains of H-2K^d and the Fc region of IgG2a were cloned respectively, and then recombined into plasmid pcDNA3.1（＋）. The H-2K^d/IgG2aFc protein was expressed by the plasmid-transfected cell line J558L, and purified from its supernatant with a Staphylococcal Protein A （SPA） column. The fusion protein showed a 58.4 kDa band as revealed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with murine IgG-specific antibody, which consists with that expected for extracellular domains of H-2K^d heavy chain plus the Fc region of IgG2a. The sandwich ELISA assay with antibodies specific for Fc portion and for H-2K^d indicated the fusion protein consists of both Fc portion and H-2K^d. Peritoneal MФ of C57BL/6 （H-2K^b） can be stained with H-2K^d specific monoclonal antibody （mAb） after incubated with the H-2K^d/IgG2aFc fusion protein. These results demonstrate the fusion protein can be used to attach the H-2K^d molecule to the surface of murine MФ, and provides a novel means to manipulate the T cell recognized epitope on the surface of murine MФ, which can be applied to activate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL）.