A small knottin-like peptide negatively regulates in wheat to stripe rust resistance during early infection of wheat

Although Blufensins(Bln)have important functions in the response of plants to biotic stress the precise functioning of Bln in wheat remains largely unknown.Here we isolated a Bln gene(TaBln4)from Suwon 11 infected by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst).Expression of TaBln4 increased in host plants at the early stage of infection with a virulent Pst race(CYR31)but was unchanged in response to infection by an avirulent race(CYR23).Transcription levels of TaBln4 were also regulated by hormone and abiotic stresses.Expression of TaBln4 in tobacco leaves suppressed Bax-induced programmed cell death.Knockdown of TaBln4 by virus-induced gene silencing inhibited colonization of race CYR31 by increasing the accumulation of H2O2 and formation of hypersensitive responses(HR).Transient overexpression of TaBln4 by a transient overexpression system(BSMV-VOX)increased the susceptibility of wheat to CYR31.Results from bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down assays demonstrated that TaBLN4 interacted with calmodulin.Taken together,our results suggest that TaBln4 negatively regulates resistance in wheat to Pst in a reactive oxygen species(ROS)-and HR-dependent manner.

An Examination of Computer Science and Internet Technologies in Addressing Educational Inequities and Societal Psychological Concerns:A Literature Review from the Perspectives of 5G,Artificial Intelligence,and Augmented/Virtual Reality

This study comprehensively reviews the literature to deeply explore the role of computer science and internet technologies in addressing educational inequality and socio-psychological issues,with a particular focus on applications of 5G,artificial intelligence(AI),and augmented/virtual reality(AR/VR).By analyzing how these technologies are reshaping learning and their potential to ameliorate educational disparities,the study reveals challenges present in ensuring educational equity.The research methodology includes exhaustive reviews of applications of AI and machine learning,the Internet of Things and wearable technologies integration,big data analytics and data mining,and the effects of online platforms and social media on socio-psychological issues.Besides,the study discusses applications of these technologies in educational inequality and socio-psychological problem-solving through the lens of 5G,AI,and AR/VR,while also delineating challenges faced by these emerging technologies and future outlooks.The study finds that while computer science and internet technologies hold promise to bridge academic divides and address socio-psychological problems,the complexity of technology access and infrastructure,lack of digital literacy and skills,and critical ethical and privacy issues can impact widespread adoption and efficacy.Overall,the study provides a novel perspective to understand the potential of computer science and internet technologies in ameliorating educational inequality and socio-psychological issues,while pointing to new directions for future research.It also emphasizes the importance of cooperation among educational institutions,technology vendors,policymakers and researchers,and establishing comprehensive ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the responsible use of these technologies.

The Puccinia striiformis effector Hasp98 facilitates pathogenicity by blocking the kinase activity of wheat TaMAPK4

The obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst)employs virulence effectors to disturb host immunity and causes devastating stripe rust disease.However,our understanding of how Pst effectors regulate host defense responses remains limited.In this study,we determined that the Pst effector Hasp98,which is highly expressed in Pst haustoria,inhibits plant immune responses triggered by flg22or nonpathogenic bacteria.Overexpression of Hasp98 in wheat(Triticum aestivum)suppressed avirulent Pst-triggered immunity,leading to decreased H2O2accumulation and promoting P.striiformis infection,whereas stable silencing of Hasp98 impaired P.striiformis pathogenicity.Hasp98 interacts with the wheat mitogenactivated protein kinase TaMAPK4,a positive regulator of plant resistance to stripe rust.The conserved TEY motif of TaMAPK4 is important for its kinase activity,which is required for the resistance function.We demonstrate that Hasp98inhibits the kinase activity of TaMAPK4 and that the stable silencing of TaMAPK4 compromises wheat resistance against P.striiformis.These results suggest that Hasp98 acts as a virulence effector to interfere with the MAPK signaling pathway in wheat,thereby promoting P.striiformis infection.

Gene expression profiling of Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici during development reveals a highly dynamic transcriptome

Puccinia striiformis f。sp。tritici (Pst ) 原因条纹锈，世界范围的小麦的最重要的疾病之一。cDNA 图书馆从 urediniospores，发芽 urediniospores 和 haustoria 被构造了。然而，很少对与感染过程和病原体的孢子形成有关的基因的表示模式被知道。在这研究，特定的 oligonucleotide microarray 用从 Pst cDNA 图书馆选择的 442 个基因抄本的序列被构造。基因的表示模式被有从在 vitro 和感染 Pst 的小麦的 Pst 的 cDNA 的 microarray 离开的 hybridizing 决定。时间功课学习识别了是在一个兼容相互作用在感染过程期间表示的差别的 55 个抄本。他们被识别有与下列生物进程有关的函数，包括糖类和类脂化合物新陈代谢，精力，发信号的房间，蛋白质合成，房间结构和分割。在一个不兼容的相互作用，病原体的 17 个抄本是在与无毒害的 Pst 赛跑，其十在兼容相互作用有类似的表示模式到那些接种的抵抗小麦叶子表示的差别。相关基因也是的致病力和毒力 / 无毒性的几个候选人识别了。量的即时 PCR 的结果验证了一些选择基因的表示模式。学习证明特定的 oligonucleotide microarray 技术是有用的决定涉及 hostpathogen 相互作用的不同类型和开发的阶段的病原体基因的表示模式。