“伊斯特林悖论”的教育再探——教育影响主观幸福感的中介效应

幸福是人类永恒的追求,收入是提升幸福感的关键要素,但“伊斯特林悖论”的提出引发了诸多莫衷一是的争论。教育作为提升收入的主要途径,其经济价值对幸福感的影响也日益凸显。基于中国社会综合调查CGSS(2018)数据分析发现,文化消费在教育对主观幸福感的影响中发挥部分中介作用,不同类别文化消费的中介效应存在异质性,而家庭收入在文化消费对主观幸福感的影响中具有负向调节作用,调节效应检验表明,文化消费对高收入群体和低收入群体的主观幸福感均具有正向影响,但低收入群体在文化消费对主观幸福感的调节作用比高收入群体更加显著。因此,新时代教育应注重提升教育的消费性价值,强化教育“致幸福”实践路径;加强文化消费教育,提高全社会消费素养;构建差异化的文化消费模式,满足不同经济群体消费需求,避免“伊斯特林悖论”再次出现。

教育性别公平的多维测度与比较

基于CGSS 2003-2015年的数据,从城乡、地区、民族、阶层等多维视角实证分析了不同群体教育性别公平的现状及趋势。研究结果表明:性别间的教育不公平问题仍然突出,且表现为在农村、少数民族、西部地区及下层群体内部凸显的群体异质性;女性内部教育不公平显著大于男性的特征在所有群体内部均表现突出,且具有逐步强化的态势。

子女非认知能力发展的阶层差异分析——基于家庭资本投入的微观考察

子女非认知能力的发展是影响其教育获得和社会地位提升的关键因素。基于2014—2015年“中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)”数据,考察了我国家庭资本投入对子女非认知能力发展的影响以及在不同阶层之间的异质性。结果发现:社会经济地位越高的家庭,经济资本、心理资本、文化资本和社会资本存量越高。四类资本的投入均能对子女非认知能力产生显著的正向影响,其中社会资本的影响最大;从学习毅力、社交能力、班级融入、情绪稳定性和思维开通性五个维度来看,社会资本的影响依然稳健显著且系数最高。阶层异质性检验显示,子女非认知能力发展在心理资本和文化资本投入上存在“阶层再生产”特性,即社会经济地位越高的家庭,两类资本投入回报越大,而经济资本和社会资本在投入上却并未有此特性。综上,加强低阶层家庭社会资本投入以发展子女的非认知能力,可以有效弥合阶层之间的未来差距,需政府和家庭双方上下联动、协同推进。

我国民族教育经济研究的历史演进与学术前瞻

新中国成立以来的民族地区社会、经济和教育现实形态历经多重演变。为推进我国民族地区教育和经济协同发展谋求理论基点,民族教育经济研究应运而生。历经兴起、快速发展和逐步拓展三大发展阶段,民族教育经济研究逐渐形成了一个相对独立的研究领域,研究视野涵盖民族教育与经济协同发展、民族教育经济效益计量、民族教育资源投入和配置、民族教育经济发展的时代机遇和挑战等,研究方法的运用实现了从早期倾向于理论思辨和经验描述,向思辨与实证相结合、定性和定量相结合转变,为解决民族地区不同时期不同现实形态下的教育经济问题提供了丰富的理论依据。但纵观我国民族教育经济研究,仍存在一定局限:研究视野缺乏前瞻性、研究结论与现实契合不够、研究成果相对孤立、缺乏对民族文化的重视。着眼于2020年后我国巩固全面脱贫成果,民族教育经济研究应进一步关注新时代的民族教育发展、探索自身话语体系建设、善用民族文化的张力,更加实效性地指导我国面向2035民族地区现代化发展。

The earthquake-related disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite

Based on the case studies and statistical analysis of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances mainly from DEMETER satellite, ground-based GPS and ionosounding data, this paper summarizes the statisw tical characteristics of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances, including electromagnetic emissions, plasma perturbations and variation of energetic particle flux. According to the main results done by Chinese scientists, fusing with the existed study from global researches, seismo-ionospheric disturbances usually occurred a few days or hours before earthquake occurrence. Paralleling to these case studies, lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere （LAI） coupling mechanisms are checked and optimized. A thermo-electric model was proposed to explain the seismo-electromagnetic effects before earthquakes. A propagation model was put forward to explain the electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere. According to the requirement of earthquake prediction research, China seismo-electromagnetic satellite, the first space-based platform of Chinese earthquake stereoscopic observation system, is proposed and planned to launch at about the end of 2014. It focuses on checking the LAI model and distinguishing earthquake-related ionospheric disturbance. The preliminary design for the satellite will adopt CAST-2000 platform with eight payloads onboard. It is believed that the satellite will work together with the ground monitoring network to improve the capability to capture seismo-electromagnetic information, which is beneficial for earthquake monitoring and prediction researches.

Penetration characteristics of VLF wave from atmosphere into lower ionosphere

The factors affecting the reflection and transmission coefficient of the ionosphere have been analyzed.These factors include wave frequency,incident angle,geomagnetic inclination,electron density and collision frequency in the ionosphere.The ionosphere refractive index is also analyzed.The ionosphere above 70 km is considered to be homogeneous and anisotropic,and the reflection and transmission coefficient matrix is calculated using matrix method.Simultaneously the Booker quartic equation is solved to get the refractive index in the ionosphere.The results show that when the wave frequency is higher,it is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere from its bottom boundary and the propagation attenuation in the ionosphere is smaller.TE（traverse electric） wave and TM（traverse magnetic） wave can both penetrate into the ionosphere with a small incident angle,while TE wave can hardly transmit into the ionosphere when the incident angle is large.The transmission coefficient decreases as the geomagnetic inclination increases.TE and TM wave cannot penetrate into the ionosphere at magnetic equator.When the electron collision frequency is higher,it is easier for VLF wave to penetrate into the ionosphere and the attenuation of ordinary wave is weaker,which may be caused by the energy transportation between the waves and the particles.The ordinary（O） wave experiences severer attenuation than extraordinary（X） wave,and X wave is a penetration mode whereas O wave is a non-penetration mode in the ionosphere.All the results indicate that VLF wave with higher frequency is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere and to be recorded by the satellites at high latitude.It is hard for ULF and the lower frequency VLF wave to transmit into the ionosphere directly for the severe reflection and attenuation.It may transmit into the ionosphere with a small incident angle due to the nonlinear effect,for example,the interaction between the waves and the particles or cross modulation,and then propagate along the whistle duct with small attenuation.This work may be a preliminary theoretical exploration for the future calculation on the response of ground based VLF artificial transmitter in the ionosphere and further study on the seismic ionosphere coupling model.

水性聚氨酯膜吸收CO_(2)矿化形成复合膜及其防腐蚀性能

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚醚二元醇(PPG)和N,N-二甲基-N',N'-二(2-羟丙基)-1,3-丙二胺等为主要原料制备了聚氨酯预聚体,并利用乙酸、3-羧基-3-羟基戊二酸和2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为成盐剂与聚氨酯预聚体反应,产物经乳化得到3种阳离子水性聚氨酯胶乳(WPU1,WPU2和WPU3),并将其制膜后浸泡在模拟海水中。研究了3种水性聚氨酯膜吸收CO_(2)并矿化形成聚氨酯-碳酸钙(PU-CaCO_(3))复合膜的过程及防腐蚀性能。红外光谱分析结果表明,成功合成了3种阳离子水性聚氨酯。粒径分析表明,WPU1,WPU2和WPU3胶乳粒径大小分别为19.38 nm,93.08 nm和84.33 nm。X射线衍射、扫描电镜和电化学测试结果表明,WPU2和WPU3膜经模拟海水浸泡后表面出现CaCO_(3)矿化层,WPU3膜表面形成的矿化层较致密,且具有优良的防腐蚀性能,其腐蚀速率和腐蚀电流密度分别为1.70×10^(-3)mm/a和1.44×10^(-7)A/cm^(2)。

Introduction to special section on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite and initial results

1.Introduction The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), which is also called ZhangHeng-1 (ZH-1), is the first Chinese space-borne platform dedicated to geophysical field measurement andearthquake monitoring by detecting variations in the electromagnetic environment of space. The CSES was launched successfully at15:51 on February 2, 2018, at China’s Jiuquan Satellite Launching Center.

地球化学方法在化学风化作用和物源判别中的应用综述

元素和同位素地球化学方法除了常用于研究古气候、古生态和沉积环境,现也广泛应用于化学风化和物源研究。虽然分析风化和物源的方法有多种,但就原理及其应用条件等来说,元素和同位素地球化学方法具有更广阔的应用前景。因此,本文总结了主量元素(Al、Na、Fe、K、Si和Fe等)、微量和稀土元素(La、Th、Zr和Sc等),以及同位素(^(235)U、^(238)U、^(204)Pb、^(206)Pb、^(147)Sm和^(144)Nd等)方法在化学风化和物源判别中的运用指标及其所代表的意义。结果显示,由于影响沉积物化学成分的因素较多,不同指标指示的意义可能会有所不同。因此,沉积物的化学风化程度和物源判别需要根据沉积物实际的化学组成成分具体分析,通过多种指标参数、判别图解和同位素定年的综合研究和相互验证才能得到更加直观和明确的结论。

Progress and development on multi-parameters remote sensing application in earthquake monitoring in China

In this paper, the progress and development on remote sensing technology applied in earthquake monitoring research are summarized, such as differential interference synthetic aperture radar （D-InSAR）, infrared remote sensing, and seismo-ionospheric detecting. Many new monitoring data in this domain have been used, and new data processing methods have been developed to obtain high-precision images about crustal deformation, outgoing longwave radiation （OLR）, surface latent heat flux （SLHF）, and ionospheric parameters. The development in monitoring technology and data processing technique largely enriches earthquake research information and provides new tools for earthquake stereoscope monitoring system, especially on the space part. Finally, new developing trend in this area was introduced, and some key problems in future work were pointed out.

Application system and data description of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, launched into orbit from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre on February 2 nd, 2018, is China's first space satellite dedicated to geophysical exporation. The satellite carries eight scientific payloads including high-precision magnetometers to detect electromagnetic changes in space, in particular changes associated with global earthquake disasters. In order to encourage and facilitate use by geophysical scientists of data from the satellite's payloads, this paper introduces the application systems developed for the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite by the Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration;these include platform construction, data classification, data storage, data format, and data access and acquisition.

A study on the energetic electron precipitation observed by CSES

High energy particles are the main target of satellite space exploration; particle storm events are closely related to solar activity,cosmic ray distribution, and magnetic storms. The commonly seen energetic particle(electron) precipitation anomalies include mainly the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts, the South Atlantic Anomaly, and the anomalous stripes excited by artificial electromagnetic waves. The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES), launched in February of 2018, provides a platform for studying ionospheric particle disturbances. This paper reports the first studies of electron precipitation phenomenon based on high energy particle data from the CSES. We find that the global distribution of electron fluxes in the low energy band(0.1–3 MeV) can relatively well reflect the anomalous precipitation belt, which is consistent with results based on the DEMETER satellite, indicating that the quality of the lowenergy band payload of the CSES is good. In addition, this paper makes an in-depth study of the electron precipitation belt excited by the NWC artificial VLF electromagnetic transmitter located in Australia, which appears as a typical wisp structure on the energy spectrum. The magnetic shell parameter L corresponding to the precipitation belt ranges from 1.44 to 1.74, which is close to the L value(～1.45) of the NWC transmitter; the energy of the precipitation electrons is between 100 keV and 361.57 keV, among which the precipitation of 213.73 keV electrons is most conspicuous.

The first joint experimental results between SURA and CSES

In June 2018, for the first time, the SURA heating facility in Russia, together with the in-orbit China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES), carried out a series of experiments in emitting high frequency(HF) O-mode radio waves to disturb the ionosphere. This paper reports data from those experiments, collected onboard CSES, including electric field, in-situ plasma parameters, and energetic particle flux. Five cases are analyzed, two cases in local daytime and three in local nighttime. We find that the pumping wave frequencies f_0 in local daytime were close to the critical frequency of the F_2 layer f_oF_2, but no pumping waves were detected by the electric field detector(EFD) on CSES even when the emitted power reached 90 MW, and no obvious plasma disturbances were observed from CSES in those two daytime cases. But on June 16, there existed a spread F phenomena when f_0 was lower than f_oF_2 at that local daytime period.During the three cases in local nighttime, the pumping waves were clearly distinguished in the HF-band electric field at the emitted frequency with the emitted power only 30 MW; the power spectrum density of the electric field was larger by an order of magnitude than the normal background, with the propagating radius exceeding 200 km. Due to the small f_oF_2 over SURA in June at that local nighttime period, f_0 in these three cases were significantly higher than f_oF_2, all belonging to under-dense heating conditions. As for the plasma parameters, only an increase of about 100 K in ion temperature was observed on June 12; in the other two cases(with one orbit without plasma data on June 17), no obvious plasma disturbances were found. This first joint SURA-CSES experiment illustrates that the present orbit of CSES can cross quite close to the SURA facility, which can insure an effective heating time from SURA so that CSES can observe the perturbations at the topside ionosphere excited by SURA in the near region. The detection of plasma disturbances on June 12 with under-dense heating mode in local nighttime provides evidence for likely success of future related experiments between CSES and SURA,or with other HF facilities.

The Langmuir Probe onboard CSES: data inversion analysis method and first results

The Langmuir Probe(LAP), onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES), has been designed for in situ measurements of bulk parameters of the ionosphere plasma, the first Chinese application of in-situ measurement technology in the field of space exploration. The two main parameters measured by LAP are electron density and temperature. In this paper, a brief description of the LAP and its work mode are provided. Based on characteristics of the LAP, and assuming an ideal plasma environment, we introduce in detail a method used to invert the I-V curve; the data products that can be accessed by users are shown. Based on the LAP data available, this paper reports that events such as earthquakes and magnetic storms are preceded and followed by obvious abnormal changes. We suggest that LAP could provide a valuable data set for studies of space weather, seismic events, and the ionospheric environment.

China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite search coil magnetometerdata and initial results

Four levels of the data from the search coil magnetometer(SCM) onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES)are defined and described. The data in different levels all contain three components of the waveform and/or spectrum of the induced magnetic field around the orbit in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 20 kHz; these are divided into an ultra-low-frequency band(ULF,10–200 Hz), an extremely low frequency band(ELF, 200–2200 Hz), and a very low frequency band(VLF, 1.8–20 kHz). Examples of data products for Level-2, Level-3, and Level-4 are presented. The initial results obtained in the commission test phase demonstrated that the SCM was in a normal operational status and that the data are of high enough quality to reliably capture most space weather events related to low-frequency geomagnetic disturbances.

Schumann resonance observation in China and anomalous disturbance possibly associated with Tohoku M9.0 earthquake

Schumann resonance （SR） is an electromag- netic resonance phenomenon in the Earth-ionosphere cavity exited by global lightning activities when the wavelength matches the circumference of the Earth, and the lowest four peak frequencies of SR are about 8, 14, 20, and 26 Hz. This article presents the new observational data of SR in China. The observations of two horizontal mag- netic components （BNs and BEw） in the frequency band range of 3-29 Hz at Yongsheng observatory （26.7°N, 100.8°E） in southwestern China were mainly analyzed. It is found that the SR amplitudes at peak frequencies in BNs and BEw components all showed diurnal and seasonal variations, and that the SR amplitude in BNS component is always higher than that in BEw component. Diurnal vari- ation of SR amplitude around equinoxes and solstices inBNs component is related to active intervals of three global thunderstorm centers, while SR amplitude in BEw com- ponent is the most significant at around 16 LT, corre- sponding to Asian center. SR amplitudes both in BNs and BEw components increase in the rainy season from May to September. In addition, the SR anomalies in association with the 2011 Japan earthquake are exhibited. The anom- alous effect was characterized by an increase in amplitude at the lowest four SR modes beginning at 4 days before this earthquake. Upon analyzing the wave interference between the direct wave and disturbed wave scattered by localized modification of lower ionosphere over the epicenter, Asian and African thunderstorm centers are found to contribute to anomalous effect observed at Yongsheng station. Modeling results of SR regular and disturbed spectra at different local times led to the similar conclusion.

Subcellular Localization of APX1 Protein in Arabidopsis thaliana

To predict the subcellular location of ascorbate peroxidase 1 （ APX1 ） protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plasmid expressing APXl-enbance green fluores- cent protein （EGFP） fusion protein was constructed, transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101, and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. The localization of APX1 protein in the cells was determined by detecting the distribution of the fusion protein in tobacco epidermal cells. The results showed APX1 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the plant.

Components and sequential changes in event-related potential induced by gaze orientation processing under a reflective attention cue paradigm

Gaze orientation induces activation of relevant brain regions, presents differences in specificity and time course, and is exhibited in patients with brain injury. However, the components of activated event-related potential remain controversial. Previous studies of behavior and cognitive neuroscience related to gaze orientation investigated conscious attention of visual orientation. The present study explored gaze orientation processing-induced event-related potential components and changes with time using reflective orientation of visual attention under a reflective attention cue paradigm. Visual attention processing of gaze orientation was recorded using event-related potential and electroencephalographic recording. Results demonstrated that the reflective attention cue task evoked early directing attention negativity and anterior directing attention negativity, but did not trigger late directing attention positivity. These results suggest that reflective attention occurs over a short time of visual stimulus presentation. During the early stage of attention processing, early directing attention negativity and anterior directing attention negativity were detected, but late directing attention positivity did not occur. These results confirmed reflectivity and time-course superiority of gaze orientation attention processing.

Effects of different cue positions on evoked potentials in the cerebral cortex during global and local processing of compound stimuli A study of event-related potential

BACKGROUND： Previous studies of attentional control have focused primarily on pre-cue control of attentional cue and direction. OBJECTIVE： To measure the differences in electrical activity of brain cells while processing pre-cue and post-cue compound stimuli, and to explore brain electrical activity during global and local processing of compound stimuli according to electroencephalogram （EEG） recordings. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A within-subject design study was performed at the School of Psychology, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, China from March to May 2006. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 30 healthy, undergraduate students, aged 17-24 years, comprising 12 males and 18 females, were voluntarily enrolled from Beijing Normal University. Subjects exhibited normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. No significant non signal wave drift was detected during testing. METHODS： A total of 30 subjects were subjected to pre-cue and post-cue compound stimulus processing using event-related potential and EEG recordings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Evoked potential was recorded in different brain regions utilizing event-related potential to observe hemispheric symmetry, cue consistency and global-local features. RESULTS： Pre-cue compound stimuli resulted in hemispheric asymmetry for early wave （N1） and late wave （P3） in anterior brain regions. Early- and late-wave induced hemispheric asymmetry for electrode points （O1, 02, P3, P4, Pz, F3, F4, F7, F8, Fz, FP1, FP2, T7, TS, C3, C4, and Cz） during processing of pre-cue compound stimuli （P 〈 0.05）. Post-cue compound stimuli did not induce hemispheric asymmetry of brain waves induced by the above-described electrode points. No significant differences in global and local responses were determined during processing of post-cue compound stimuli. Under pre-cue conditions, significant differences were observed in N1 and P3 in the above-mentioned electrode points （P 〈 0.05）. However, under post-cue conditions, no significant differences were observed in N1 and P3 using the above-mentioned electrode points. Significant differences in early waves （N1 and P1） using the above-mentioned electrode points were detected between anterior and posterior brain regions, regardless of consistent or inconsistent, large or small letters （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Cue location effected mechanisms underlying global and local processing of compound stimuli. Pre- or post-cue conditions resulted in differences in hemispheric symmetry, cue consistency, and global and local features. Under pre-cue conditions, hemispheric dominance was detected in global and local processing following compound stimuli. Under post-cue conditions, hemispheric dominance was not determined.

Genome-wide identification of WRKY gene family and expression analysis under abiotic stresses in Andrographis paniculata

Andrographis paniculata(A.paniculata)is a Chinese herbal medicine that clears away heat,reduces inflammation,protects the liver,and promotes choleretics.The WRKYs of A.paniculata are still not well characterized,although many WRKYs have been identified in various plant species.In the present study,59 A.paniculata WRKY(ApWRKY)genes were identified and renamed on the basis of their respective chromosome distribution.These ApWRKYs were divided into three groups via phylogenetic analysis according to their WRKY domains and combined with WRKY of Arabidopsis.The 59 identified ApWRKY transcription factors were nonuniformity distributed on 23 chromosomes of A.paniculata.From the structural analysis of the conserved motifs,different ApWRKYs structures showed different biological functions,and the ApWRKY transcription factor had certain species-specificity in the evolutionary process.The expression patterns of the 41 ApWRKYs were examined through quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)in various tissues and under abiotic stresses(salt).The results showed that most of the ApWRKY had different reactions to salt treatment.In addition,the content of the four main secondary metabolites in A.paniculata leaves was determined under salt stress.The results show that under a low concentration of salt treatment,the synthesis of andrographolide can be improved.