Insight into the evolution of breast cancer driven by genetic alterations

Breast cancer originates primarily from the epithelial cells of the mammary gland.Repeated mammary gland expansion and degeneration are accompanied by an increased risk of genetic alterations in the breast1.These mutations in breast epithelial cells dynamically occur in response to pregnancy,labor and delivery,breastfeeding,and the menstrual cycle,with a decline in mutation rates after menopause,which may be related to a decrease in estrogen levels.The breast epithelial cell mutations are also consistent with epidemiologic observations2.

Research progress in prevention of postoperative delirium

Postoperative delirium is a common acute confusion state that frequently occurs in patients following surgery.It is characterized by fluctuating consciousness,inattention,disorganized thinking,and altered level of consciousness.Postoperative delirium leads to cognitive decline and dementia,increases the risk of post-operative complications and mortality,and reduces patients’quality of life.Since the pathogenesis of postoperative delirium is unclear and there is no effective treatment,early diagnosis and early intervention are key to preventing and treating postoperative delirium.Currently,the prevention of postoperative delirium is mainly based on non-pharmacological prevention and treatment,whereas some drugs are gradually starting to be used.In the future,efforts are needed to clarify the effect of treatment and to guide the development of a series of more effective and rational delirium treatment strategies adapted to specific national context.

Progress in the treatment of postoperative delirium with chemical medications

Postoperative delirium(POD)is a com-mon postoperative complication that can lead to ad-verse consequences such as prolonged hospitalization,increased medical costs,and higher patient mortality.Chemical medications have demonstrated effectiveness as an intervention in the prevention and treatment of POD,and as a result,have garnered much research attention in recent years.The purpose of this paper is therefore to re-view and evaluate the research on chemical medications for the treatment of POD systematically,to summarize the current findings,and to discuss future directions.

Variability of microphysical characteristics in the “21·7” Henan extremely heavy rainfall event

In this study, significant rainfall microphysical variability is revealed for the extremely heavy rainfall event over Henan Province in July 2021(the “21·7” Henan EHR event) using a dense network of disdrometers and two polarimetric radars.The broad distributions of specific drop size distribution(DSD) parameters are identified in heavy rainfall from the disdrometer observations, indicating obvious microphysical variability on the surface. A K-means clustering algorithm is adopted to objectively classify the disdrometer datasets into separate groups, and distinct DSD characteristics are found among these heavy rainfall groups. Combined with the supporting microphysical structures obtained through radar observations, comprehensive microphysical features of the DSD groups are derived. An extreme rainfall group is dominantly formed in the deep convection over the plain regions, where the high number of concentrations and large mean sizes of surface raindrops are underpinned by both active ice-phase processes and efficient warm-rain collision-coalescence processes in the vertical direction. Convection located near orographic regions is characterized by restricted ice-phase processes and high coalescence efficiency of liquid hydrometeors, causing the dominant DSD group to comprise negligible large raindrops. Multiple DSD groups can coexist within certain precipitation episodes at the disdrometer stations, indicating the potential microphysical variability during the passage of convective system on the plain regions.

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in water:The benefit of isotope dilution

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging and nonpersistent contaminants.In this study,27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction(SPE),and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards(ILSs)were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river,effluent and influent sewage.The corrected recoveries were 73%-122%with the relative standard deviation(RSD)<16%,except for acetaminophen.The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22%and the method quantitation limits(MQLs)were 0.45-8.6 ng/L.The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples.The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days,and the ILSscorrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences.The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%-140%with the recovery variation<37%in all cases.The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.

Burden of Disease Due to Cancer——China,2000-2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?Cancer is a major global public health problem and the leading cause of death in China.China has a large population,and therefore has a significant proportion of the global burden of cancer.What is added by this report?The age-standardized incidence of cancer has increased in China,while the cancer mortality rate has decreased.Compared with younger age groups,individuals over 70 have a greater burden of cancer.Digestive tract cancer and breast cancer should be targeted for prevention,treatment,and control.

The Incidence,Mortality,and DALYs Trends Associated with Esophageal Cancer-China,1990-2019

What is already known about this topic?Esophageal cancer(EC)is one of the most common malignant tumors in China.The new cases and deaths in China account for more than half of the world,and the disease burden of esophageal cancer is serious.What is added by this report?From 1990 to 2019,the disease burden of EC in China showed a decrease overall;it first increased between 1990 and 2004,but then decreased between 2004 and 2019.The burden of EC in men was much higher than that in women.Age was an important factor affecting the burden of EC,with disease burden rising rapidly after 40 years old.What are the implications for public health practices?The screening,early diagnosis,and treatment for EC should continue to be strengthened in China.Middleaged and elderly men are high-risk groups of EC and should be a key population for EC prevention and control.

Disease Burden of Pancreatic Cancer--China,1990−2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors of the digestive tract,and the etiology is not clear.Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis and high mortality.What is added by this report?Compared with 1990,the burden of pancreatic cancer in China increased significantly in 2019.In 1990 and 2019,the disease burden indicator of male pancreatic cancer was higher than that of females,and pancreatic cancer became more common as age increased,especially above 50 years old.What are the implications for public health practices?This study mainly provided scientific data and references for the prevention and control of pancreatic cancer in people aged 50 and above.