Navigation-assisted transcortical transventricular approach for paraventricular cavernoma:A technical note and review of the literature

The surgery of paraventricular cavernoma remains a challenge for the neurosurgeon.Few approaches have been specially described for paraventricular cavernoma in literature.We present a patient with a symptomatic paraventricular cavernoma in the dorsal portion of the right lateral ventricles roof causing ventricular hemorrhage,and review his surgical approaches.This patient underwent a navigationassisted transcortical transventricular approach resulting in a complete resection without any neurologic deficits.The approach allows a safe and effective resection of paraventricular cavernomas.

Surgical strategies for peripheral nerve schwannoma based on the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring

Objective:To present our classification for peripheral nerve schwannomas as well as explore the surgical strategies and operative management of peripheral nerve schwannomas based on the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring(INM)technique and to decrease the risk of postoperative neurological deficits in the management of these schwannomas.Materials and methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 92 cases of peripheral nerve microsurgery performed,using the INM technique.We also made the classification for peripheral nerve schwannomas into two types according to operative findings and proceeded corresponding surgical strategies.Results:All tumors were removed completely under microscopy and INM.Three patients developed residual neurological deficits at final follow-up.There were different results about temporary(18/92,19.6%)and permanent(3/92,3.3%)neurological deficits.The incidence of temporary and permanent neurological deficits in type II group was significantly higher than that in type I group(p<0.01).The incidence of permanent neurological deficits in larger size tumors was significantly higher than that of smaller size(p<0.01).Conclusions:We made the classification for peripheral nerve schwannomas according to operative findings based on INM that is helpful to our surgical strategies.Intracapsular enucleation was the preferred strategy with satisfactory results and low risk of nerve injury.The size and location of tumors seem to be related to the risk of fascicular injury.

Usage of neuronavigation system to treat a case of traumatic acute subdural hematoma after two-side ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Traumatic acute subdural hematoma is one of the most lethal causes of head injuries,which leads to high mortality.While combined diseases always make it more intractable for the treatment.We present a case of a 68-year-old female patient with traumatic acute subdural hematoma combined with hydrocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunt assisted by the neuronavigation system in January 12,2017.She was undergone ventriculoperitoneal shunt 6 years and 5 months ago on two sides respectively because of hydrocephalus,with the ventriculoperitoneal shunt device on the right side out of work.The initial neurological examination showed a Glasgow Coma Scale of E2V1M5 with no papillary defect.A CT scan of the head revealed a left homogeneously hyperdense and subdural hematoma,with compression of the lateral ventricle(2.6 cm thick)and a 0.5 cm midline shift.To protect the ventriculoperitoneal shunt device,we used neuronavigation system to precisely mark the relative location of the device and“invisible”subdural hematoma,thus to design a perfect incision preoperatively.Subsequently,evacuation of the subdural hematoma was performed via craniotomy without damaging the ventriculoperitoneal shunt device.Postoperative CT of the head showed totally removing of the subdural hematoma.The patient recovered three months later.With the assistant of neuronavigation system,it is much easier for the preoperative planning and to reduce the surgical risk.Our case gives a clue that more approaches can be considered when encountering acute head trauma with the complicated combined diseases.

人工智能的教学角色隐喻分析——以人工智能教育应用领域高影响力项目为例

能够自主"感知、理解、预测、行动"的人工智能是灵活强大的学习技术,在教与学过程中可以发挥多种作用。技术的灵活性为智能教学系统的设计和应用带来了挑战。合理的功能定位是人工智能技术发挥作用的前提,对其教学角色隐喻的分析对于智能教学系统的研究与利用有指导作用。本研究选择人工智能教育应用领域的高影响力项目开展了案例研究。案例研究表明,人工智能的教学角色隐喻主要有辅导者、教练、评价者、协调者、联通者、同伴和学生七种。从历史发展与现状来看,占优势的为教练、评价者和辅导者等教师隐喻。从教学的完整过程看,人工智能尚无法比肩人类教师,但在"行动中"其表现并不逊色于人类个体,在很多情况下各有千秋。受限于自然语言处理技术在语义处理上的裹足不前,辅导者还难以像人类教师一样与学习者开展连续的自然语言对话,但教练、评价者、协调者、联通者、学生和同伴则更充分地利用了计算机的多媒体与网络数据计算、存储、交互能力,能够提供人类教师难以或无法提供的学习经验。未来,人工智能的教学角色隐喻将继续演化,呈现出分化与整合、从支持"学"到"学教"并重的总体趋势;智能教学系统中文化因素的作用将日益显性化;将更重视与学习者建立与维持长期关系;人工智能将促进学习环境的虚实融合,提高学习环境的适应性。

智能时代教师学习的十大难题

进入智能时代,尽管已有多种形式的智能机器承担了教学任务,但在弱人工智能时期智能教学系统的作用与应用有限。人类教师不但能够创造"学习的条件",而且能够创造"让‘学习的条件’起作用的条件"。教师还将继续活跃在三尺讲台上。教师专业学习与持续发展对于教育质量提高仍然至关重要。厘清教师专业学习的难题,是智能时代教师教育体系构建、教师教育项目设计和相关智能技术产品研发的基础性工作。本研究在长期教师教育研究、实践与文献梳理的基础上,提出了六类十个教师专业学习的难题,即目标的抽象变动难题,理论的迁移难题,技术的整合难题,教学实践的行动、理解与表达难题,教师教育的前见、连续与反馈难题,以及教师个人的动力难题。基于对教师学习难题的系统分析,对教师个人学习及其支持、教师教育项目设计与教学原则以及促进教师学习的智能技术产品研发提出了对策建议。